Nokea
What type of cell is responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body?
- A. Red blood cell
- B. White blood cell
- C. Platelet
- D. Hematocrit
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Red blood cell. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin that binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport in the bloodstream. They are specifically designed for gas exchange. White blood cells (B) are part of the immune system and fight infections. Platelets (C) are responsible for blood clotting. Hematocrit (D) refers to the proportion of red blood cells in the blood, not a specific type of cell responsible for gas transport.
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APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by deficiency of
- A. CTLA-4
- B. AIRE
- C. Tregs
- D. TGF-β
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: AIRE. APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy) is caused by mutations in the AIRE gene. AIRE is responsible for regulating the expression of self-antigens in the thymus, crucial for the development of immune tolerance. Deficiency in AIRE leads to the production of autoantibodies and autoimmune manifestations.
Incorrect options:
A: CTLA-4 is involved in downregulating immune responses but is not directly linked to APECED.
C: Tregs (regulatory T cells) play a role in immune tolerance, but APECED is not directly caused by their deficiency.
D: TGF-β is a cytokine involved in immune regulation, but its deficiency does not lead to APECED.
What role do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in the immune response?
- A. They identify self-antigens
- B. They mediate phagocytosis directly
- C. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- D. They suppress cytokine secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens, initiating the immune response. This recognition triggers the production of cytokines and chemokines, leading to inflammation and activation of immune cells. Choice A is incorrect because TLRs do not identify self-antigens but rather foreign antigens. Choice B is incorrect as TLRs do not directly mediate phagocytosis but rather initiate signaling pathways that lead to phagocytosis by immune cells. Choice D is incorrect because TLRs do not suppress cytokine secretion; rather, they stimulate cytokine production.
The nurse is assessing a client for signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the following would be consistent with this disorder? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight
- B. Urinalysis negative for casts and protein
- C. Painful, deformed small joints
- D. Pain on inspiration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Discoid rash on skin exposed to sunlight. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) commonly presents with a characteristic butterfly-shaped rash on the face, especially over the cheeks and nose, that worsens with sunlight exposure. The rash is not limited to skin exposed to sunlight. Choices B, C, and D are inconsistent with SLE. B: Urinalysis negative for casts and protein is not indicative of SLE, as renal involvement in SLE often presents with the presence of casts and protein in the urine. C: Painful, deformed small joints is more typical of rheumatoid arthritis, not SLE. D: Pain on inspiration is a symptom of pleurisy, which can occur in SLE but is not a defining feature.
Which of the following is an important nursing intervention for HIV-positive clients?
- A. Suggesting the use of herbal medications and alternate therapies.
- B. Suggesting the use of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine.
- C. Advising client to avoid clinical drug trials.
- D. Providing referral to support groups and resources for information.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Providing referrals to support groups and resources helps clients manage their condition and access necessary care.
Which T cell type is involved in directly killing infected or foreign cells?
- A. Helper T cells
- B. Cytotoxic T cells
- C. Regulatory T cells
- D. Memory T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for directly killing infected or foreign cells by releasing toxic substances that induce apoptosis in the target cells. This process helps eliminate the threats to the body.
Helper T cells (Choice A) assist in coordinating immune responses but do not directly kill cells. Regulatory T cells (Choice C) play a role in suppressing immune responses to prevent autoimmunity but do not kill infected cells. Memory T cells (Choice D) are primed for rapid response upon re-exposure to a specific antigen but do not directly kill cells. Therefore, the correct choice is B as cytotoxic T cells are specifically designed for cell killing.