Nokea
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.
- A. ACTH
- B. growth hormone
- C. thyroxin
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: POMC is processed into various peptide hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. This is why option A is correct. Growth hormone, thyroxin, and insulin are not derived from POMC, making options B, C, and D incorrect.
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Steatorrhoea occurs with all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. gastrinoma
- B. congenital defect in gastric lipase
- C. ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts
- D. exocrine pancreatic disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: congenital defect in gastric lipase. Steatorrhoea is the presence of excess fat in the stool due to malabsorption. Gastrinoma (A), ileal disease (C), and exocrine pancreatic disease (D) can all lead to malabsorption of fats resulting in steatorrhoea. However, a congenital defect in gastric lipase does not directly affect fat absorption in the intestines, making it the exception in this scenario.
Regarding bilirubin:
- A. unconjugated bilirubin is more soluble than conjugated
- B. all conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the intestine
- C. bile duct obstruction causes jaundice secondary to unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
- D. haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in hemolytic anemia, there is an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to excess bilirubin production. This results in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated bilirubin is less soluble than conjugated bilirubin (Choice A). Conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the bile into the intestine, but not all of it is excreted in this manner (Choice B). Bile duct obstruction typically leads to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, not unconjugated (Choice C).
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK) is one complication of diabetes. Symptoms include
- A. hypertension
- B. bradycardia
- C. polyuria
- D. Kussmaul respirations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polyuria is a characteristic symptom of HHNK, along with hyperglycemia and severe dehydration.
Which gland is responsible for the production of adrenaline?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Gonadal
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal. The adrenal gland is responsible for producing adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, which is a hormone released in response to stress or danger. Adrenaline helps the body prepare for fight or flight responses by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and boosting energy. The other choices, Parathyroid, Gonadal, and Pancreas, are not responsible for producing adrenaline. Parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels, gonadal glands produce sex hormones, and the pancreas produces insulin and digestive enzymes. Therefore, the adrenal gland is the correct answer for the production of adrenaline.
Which of the following drugs is expected to cause anticholinergic adverse effects:
- A. Codeine
- B. Ciprofloxacin
- C. Amitriptyline
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amitriptyline. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant known for its anticholinergic properties, causing dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and urinary retention. Anticholinergic effects result from blocking the action of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. Codeine (A) is an opioid, Ciprofloxacin (B) is an antibiotic, and Propranolol (D) is a beta-blocker, none of which are expected to cause significant anticholinergic effects.