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Which of the following is least associated with the adrenal medulla?
- A. Catecholamines
- B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- C. Fight-or-flight response
- D. Sugar, salt, and sex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adrenal medulla is primarily involved in the production of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are associated with the fight-or-flight response. This response is triggered by stress and prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow. On the other hand, the regulation of sugar, salt, and sex hormones is mainly controlled by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Therefore, while choices A, B, and C are directly related to the adrenal medulla's function, choice D is least associated with it.
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Delegation Decision: The following interventions are planned for a diabetic patient. Which intervention can the nurse delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?
- A. Discuss complications of diabetes.
- B. Check that the bath water is not too hot.
- C. Check the patient's technique for drawing up insulin.
- D. Teach the patient to use a meter for self-monitoring of blood glucose.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The UAP can check the bath water temperature, but teaching and assessing insulin-related skills require nursing knowledge.
Simple goiter can be prevented by _________.
- A. antibiotics
- B. adding iodine to the diet
- C. surgery
- D. hormone therapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: adding iodine to the diet. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of simple goiter. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones, and a lack of it can lead to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. Adding iodine to the diet helps prevent simple goiter by ensuring the thyroid has enough iodine to function properly. Antibiotics (choice A) are not effective for preventing goiter as it is not caused by bacteria. Surgery (choice C) and hormone therapy (choice D) are typically used to treat goiter once it has developed, not prevent it.
Like the small intestine, the large intestine has villi to aid absorption?
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. The large intestine does not have villi like the small intestine. Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and does not have villi. Other choices are incorrect because the large intestine does not have villi and does not aid in absorption like the small intestine.
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.
- A. ACTH
- B. growth hormone
- C. thyroxin
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: POMC is processed into various peptide hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. This is why option A is correct. Growth hormone, thyroxin, and insulin are not derived from POMC, making options B, C, and D incorrect.
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
- A. the blood vessels
- B. the adrenal glands
- C. the liver
- D. bones and skeletal muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bones and skeletal muscles. Growth hormone primarily targets these tissues to promote growth and development. Growth hormone stimulates bone growth by acting on bone cells and increasing protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, leading to muscle growth. The other choices are incorrect because growth hormone does not directly target blood vessels, adrenal glands, or the liver for growth-promoting effects. Growth hormone primarily affects bone and muscle tissues for growth and repair.