Nokea
Which of the following is NOT related to adrenal medulla structure and function?
- A. Inner portion of adrenal gland.
- B. Controlled by the nervous system.
- C. Regulates levels of glucose and minerals in the blood.
- D. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Regulates levels of glucose and minerals in the blood. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing epinephrine and norepinephrine, not regulating blood glucose and minerals. The inner portion of the adrenal gland refers to the adrenal medulla. It is controlled by the nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine and norepinephrine produced by the adrenal medulla are involved in the body's fight-or-flight response, not in regulating blood glucose and minerals. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it is not related to adrenal medulla structure and function.
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Injecting cocaine may cause a hypertensive crisis or stroke, and if the cocaine is inhaled frequently, it may destroy the tissues in the nose. Which of the following best describes how cocaine causes these adverse effects?
- A. Blocks alpha adrenergic receptors
- B. Blocks muscarinic receptors for ACh
- C. Blocks reuptake of noradrenaline released from adrenergic nerves
- D. Depletes norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cocaine blocks the reuptake of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves, leading to excessive stimulation of adrenergic receptors. This causes increased blood pressure, which can result in a hypertensive crisis or stroke. Additionally, the vasoconstrictive effects of excess noradrenaline can lead to tissue damage in the nose when cocaine is inhaled frequently. Choices A and B are incorrect because cocaine does not directly block alpha adrenergic or muscarinic receptors. Choice D is incorrect because cocaine does not deplete norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings but rather increases its concentration by blocking reuptake.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the male testis to produce sperm cells & stimulates the development of follicles in the females is:
- A. Growth hormone
- B. Leutenizing hormone
- C. Prolactin
- D. Follicle stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Follicle stimulating hormone. It stimulates the testes to produce sperm cells in males and promotes follicle development in females. Growth hormone (A) primarily regulates growth and metabolism. Leutenizing hormone (B) stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. Prolactin (C) is responsible for milk production in females.
Which instruction given to a patient taking a β-blocker is essential to reduce the chance of an adverse response to the β-blocker, regardless of the purpose for which it’s been prescribed?
- A. Don’t stop taking this medication without a doctor’s advice first. A severe reaction can happen within days if you stop abruptly.
- B. Don’t go too far away from a bathroom; this drug usually causes urinary frequency.
- C. It’s likely to cause blurred vision for a few days; you may have trouble reading.
- D. It’s likely to cause constipation, so eat plenty of fiber and drink plenty of water.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Don't stop taking this medication without a doctor's advice first." Abruptly stopping a β-blocker can lead to severe adverse reactions like rebound hypertension, angina exacerbation, or arrhythmias due to sudden withdrawal. This instruction is crucial to prevent these potentially dangerous consequences.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: β-blockers are not known to commonly cause urinary frequency, so this warning is unnecessary.
C: Blurred vision is not a common side effect of β-blockers, so this warning is irrelevant.
D: While constipation can be a side effect of some medications, it is not a prominent side effect of β-blockers, so this advice is not essential for patients taking β-blockers.
Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by ________.
- A. increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
- B. decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
- C. stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
- D. blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because glucocorticoids, like cortisol, increase blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, elevate fatty acid levels for energy production, and promote amino acid breakdown for energy. This helps the body respond to stress by providing necessary energy sources. Additionally, glucocorticoids can enhance blood pressure to ensure adequate blood flow during stress.
Option B is incorrect because glucocorticoids typically increase heart rate and blood pressure to support the stress response. Option C is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not stimulate the release of insulin; instead, they can have an anti-insulin effect. Option D is incorrect as glucocorticoids do not block neurotransmitters but rather modulate the stress response at various levels.
A patient presents with polyuria and thirst. There appears to be no elevation of glucose in the body, however, the serum osmolality appears to be low. Upon performing the water deprivation test, the osmolatity is still low. Which of the following is true?
- A. The problem is in the pituitary
- B. The problem is in the kidneys
- C. The patient has diabetes mellitus
- D. The patient has high ADH in the serum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The problem is in the kidneys. In this scenario, the low serum osmolality despite water deprivation indicates the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, leading to excessive loss of water. This condition is known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Choice A is incorrect as pituitary dysfunction would result in high serum osmolality due to lack of ADH. Choice C is incorrect as diabetes mellitus would show high glucose levels. Choice D is incorrect as high ADH in the serum would lead to concentrated urine and high serum osmolality.