Nokea
Regarding iron:
- A. it is more readily absorbed in the ferric form
- B. men lose about 0.6mg/d
- C. average daily iron intake is 40mg
- D. ascorbic acid reduces iron absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because men lose about 0.6mg of iron per day through various physiological processes like shedding skin cells and hair. This loss must be replenished through dietary intake to maintain iron balance. Choice A is incorrect as iron is more readily absorbed in the ferrous form. Choice C is incorrect as the average daily iron intake is around 18mg. Choice D is incorrect ascorbic acid enhances iron absorption rather than reducing it.
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Selective beta2 stimulants frequently cause:
- A. Skeletal muscle tremors
- B. Tolerance
- C. Tachycardia
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Selective beta2 stimulants typically cause skeletal muscle tremors due to their action on beta2 receptors in skeletal muscles. They can also lead to tolerance with prolonged use, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Additionally, they can cause tachycardia by stimulating beta2 receptors in the heart. Therefore, all of the above choices (A, B, and C) are correct.
Steroid hormones:
- A. require a second messenger.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. This is supported by the understanding of endocrine gland functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not require a second messenger, are not secreted by the posterior pituitary, and are not secreted by the pancreas. Understanding the specific glands and their hormone production is crucial in selecting the correct answer.
While awaiting surgery for removal of an adrenal tumor that has produced Cushing syndrome, Mrs. A. has been placed on a strict diet to help manage her symptoms. The nurse's evaluation that the diet has been helpful includes observations that Mrs. A.
- A. has gained 5 lb
- B. has consistently low blood sugar values
- C. maintains blood pressure within normal limits
- D. becomes more moody
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Maintaining normal blood pressure is an important goal in the management of Cushing syndrome.
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
- A. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
- B. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
- C. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
- D. glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells. Thyroid hormone, being a small iodinated amine, can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, similar to steroid hormones. Unlike insulin (choice A), which binds to cell surface receptors, thyroid hormone and steroid hormones enter the cell to exert their effects. Growth hormone (choice C) and glucagon (choice D) do not share the same mechanism of entry into target cells as thyroid hormone, making them incorrect choices.
Which of the following has no muscarinic blocking activity:
- A. Amitriptyline
- B. Meperidine
- C. Ipratropium
- D. Edrophonium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edrophonium. Edrophonium is a short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It does not possess muscarinic blocking activity, as its mechanism of action involves inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leading to increased acetylcholine levels at the neuromuscular junction. The other choices, Amitriptyline (A) is a tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic properties, Meperidine (B) has weak antimuscarinic effects, and Ipratropium (C) is an anticholinergic medication used in respiratory conditions. These choices exhibit muscarinic blocking activity, unlike Edrophonium.