Nokea
Which layer of cervical fascia forms the false capsule of thyroid gland?
- A. Carotid sheath
- B. Investing layer
- C. Pretracheal fascia
- D. Prevertebral fascia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pretracheal fascia. This layer surrounds the thyroid gland, forming the false capsule. It separates the thyroid from the strap muscles anteriorly and the trachea and esophagus posteriorly. The Carotid sheath (A) encloses the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. The Investing layer (B) covers the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The Prevertebral fascia (D) surrounds the vertebral column and deep neck muscles, not directly related to the thyroid gland.
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Mr. Weber, an insulin-dependent diabetic, states that in the afternoon he has occasional severe reactions during which he becomes unconscious. In planning his care, which of the following nursing actions is most appropriate?
- A. Placing a tube of commercially prepared glucose paste at his bedside
- B. Administering regular insulin
- C. Checking his level of consciousness every hour
- D. Keeping a supply of orange juice in the refrigerator
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: For a patient with severe hypoglycemic reactions, it's essential to have a quick source of glucose on hand, like glucose paste, to treat unconsciousness from low blood sugar.
Which endocrine gland is known as the master gland?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Liver
- C. Pancreas
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body by secreting various hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other essential bodily functions. It is located at the base of the brain and plays a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Adrenal gland primarily regulates stress response and metabolism.
B: Liver is not an endocrine gland; it is involved in metabolism and detoxification.
C: Pancreas is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion but is not known as the master gland.
Steroid hormones:
- A. require a second messenger.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. This is supported by the understanding of endocrine gland functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not require a second messenger, are not secreted by the posterior pituitary, and are not secreted by the pancreas. Understanding the specific glands and their hormone production is crucial in selecting the correct answer.
Which of the Following Endocrine Glands Contributes to Setting the Body's Biological Clock?
- A. Pituitary gland
- B. Pineal gland
- C. Thymus gland
- D. Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pineal gland. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's sleep-wake cycle, thus contributing to setting the body's biological clock. This gland responds to light and darkness, helping to synchronize our internal clock with the day-night cycle. The pituitary gland (A) regulates various hormones but not specifically the biological clock. The thymus gland (C) is responsible for immune function, not the biological clock. The adrenal gland (D) secretes hormones related to stress response, not the biological clock. In summary, the pineal gland is key in regulating the body's biological clock through melatonin secretion, making it the correct choice.
Nicotinic receptors are blocked by which of the following:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Trimetaphan
- C. Prazosin
- D. Pilocarpine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Trimetaphan. Nicotinic receptors are blocked by non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers like Trimetaphan. Propranolol (A) is a beta-blocker, Prazosin (C) is an alpha-1 blocker, and Pilocarpine (D) is a muscarinic agonist, none of which block nicotinic receptors. Therefore, Trimetaphan (B) is the only choice that directly blocks nicotinic receptors.