Nokea
Which hormone is responsible for milk production in the mammary glands?
- A. somatotropin
- B. prolactin
- C. luteinizing hormone
- D. follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prolactin is the correct answer because it is the hormone responsible for milk production in the mammary glands. It is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to the suckling stimulus from the baby. Prolactin stimulates the alveoli in the mammary glands to produce milk. Somatotropin (A), luteinizing hormone (C), and follicle-stimulating hormone (D) do not play a direct role in milk production. Somatotropin is involved in growth, luteinizing hormone is involved in ovulation, and follicle-stimulating hormone is involved in the development of ovarian follicles.
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A 32-year-old woman presents with a blood pressure of 155/96 mm Hg. In response to questioning, she admits that she loves licorice and eats some at least three times a week. She probably has a low level of
- A. type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
- B. ACTH
- C. 11β-hydroxylase activity
- D. glucocorticoid transferase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Licorice contains glycyrrhizin, which inhibits this enzyme, leading to increased levels of cortisol and mineralocorticoids. This explains the elevated blood pressure in the patient. Choice B, ACTH, is incorrect because licorice consumption does not directly affect ACTH levels. Choice C, 11β-hydroxylase activity, is incorrect as licorice does not impact this enzyme directly. Choice D, glucocorticoid transferase, is also incorrect as licorice does not affect this enzyme's activity.
What is a cause of primary hypothyroidism in adults?
- A. Malignant or benign thyroid nodules
- B. Surgical removal or failure of the pituitary gland
- C. Surgical removal or radiation of the thyroid gland
- D. Autoimmune-induced atrophy of the thyroid gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Primary hypothyroidism in adults is commonly caused by autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which leads to thyroid tissue destruction.
During care of the patient with SIADH, what should the nurse do?
- A. Monitor neurologic status at least every 2 hours.
- B. Teach the patient receiving treatment with diuretics to restrict sodium intake.
- C. Keep the head of the bed elevated to prevent antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release.
- D. Notify the health care provider if the patient's blood pressure decreases more than 20 mm Hg from baseline.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Frequent neurologic monitoring is essential for patients with SIADH due to the risk of cerebral edema from hyponatremia.
When caring for a patient with primary hyperaldosteronism, the nurse would question a health care provider's prescription for which drug?
- A. Furosemide (Lasix)
- B. Spironolactone (Aldactone)
- C. Amiloride (Midamor)
- D. Aminoglutethimide (Cytadren)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic that can exacerbate hypokalemia, which is already a concern in primary hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone, Amiloride, and Aminoglutethimide can be more appropriate for managing the condition.
All but one of the following compounds releases large amounts of energy on breakdown:
- A. cAMP
- B. ATP
- C. creatine phosphate
- D. ADP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cAMP. cAMP, or cyclic adenosine monophosphate, does not release large amounts of energy on breakdown compared to the other choices. Here's the rationale:
1. ATP (Choice B) is known as the energy currency of the cell and releases a significant amount of energy when broken down.
2. Creatine phosphate (Choice C) is a high-energy compound that can rapidly donate its phosphate group to regenerate ATP.
3. ADP (Choice D) releases energy when converted to ATP through phosphorylation.
4. cAMP (Choice A) is a secondary messenger involved in signal transduction and does not store or release energy like ATP or creatine phosphate.