Nokea
A 25-year-old woman is concerned about the possibility of an STI. The nurse asks about her sexual history and recommends that she be tested for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Which of the following STIs can be detected through a Pap smear?
- A. Chlamydia.
- B. Gonorrhea.
- C. Trichomoniasis.
- D. HPV.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trichomoniasis. A Pap smear can detect abnormal changes in the cervix caused by Trichomoniasis, which is a common STI. The test can identify the presence of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The other choices, A: Chlamydia, B: Gonorrhea, and D: HPV, cannot be detected through a Pap smear as they require specific tests such as urine tests, swab tests, or blood tests. Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are bacterial infections, while HPV is a viral infection that can lead to cervical cancer but is not detectable through a Pap smear alone.
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Which of the following is true of nephrons?
- A. they are the functional units of the kidneys
- B. the proximal convoluted tubules allow the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine
- C. there are about a million nephrons in each kidney
- D. both a and c are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Identify key characteristics of nephrons - functional units of kidneys, responsible for urine formation.
Step 2: Confirm accuracy of statements - A: Nephrons are functional units. C: About a million nephrons in each kidney.
Step 3: Combine statements - A + C = D, confirming both are correct.
Step 4: Justify choice D - correct because nephrons are indeed functional units and there are approximately a million in each kidney.
Summary: B is incorrect as the proximal convoluted tubules are not solely responsible for urine concentration/dilution. Choice D is correct as it combines the accurate statements from A and C.
Your patient does not seem to be responding to conservative treatment for acute renal failure, and dialysis is being considered. You understand that the main indication for dialysis is
- A. generalized edema
- B. elevated blood pressure
- C. elevated blood calcium
- D. a high and rising level of potassium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: a high and rising level of potassium. Dialysis is indicated in acute renal failure when the patient has severe electrolyte imbalances, especially hyperkalemia, which can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. Potassium levels must be closely monitored, and if they are high and continue to rise despite conservative treatment, dialysis is necessary to quickly lower the potassium levels. Generalized edema (A) is a symptom of renal failure but is not the main indication for dialysis. Elevated blood pressure (B) and elevated blood calcium (C) are not direct indications for dialysis in the context of acute renal failure.
Which statement best describes Zidovudine:
- A. Zidovudine in combination with other antiretrovirals is an alternative initial treatment for HIV infection
- B. Zidovudine is also used to prevent transmission of HIV from the mother to her fetus and to treat AIDS-related dementia
- C. Peripheral neuropathy is a specific adverse reaction to Zidovudine
- D. Zidovudine is converted by cellular enzymes to an active form
Correct Answer: zidovudine diphosphate
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Zidovudine is converted by cellular enzymes to an active form (zidovudine diphosphate). Zidovudine itself is a prodrug that needs to be metabolized by cellular enzymes to its active form, zidovudine diphosphate, which inhibits HIV replication by acting as a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. This active form is essential for its antiretroviral activity.
Incorrect Choices:
A: Zidovudine in combination with other antiretrovirals is an alternative initial treatment for HIV infection - This is incorrect because zidovudine is commonly used in combination with other antiretrovirals as a first-line treatment for HIV infection, not as an alternative treatment.
B: Zidovudine is also used to prevent transmission of HIV from the mother to her fetus and to treat AIDS-related dementia - This is incorrect because zidovudine is primarily used in
Which of the following diuretics is the most potent and cause hypotension * due to hypovolemia from excessive diuresis?
- A. Acetazolamide
- B. Furosemide
- C. Spironolactone
- D. Hydrocholorpthiazide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Furosemide is a loop diuretic, known for its high potency in inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle.
Step 2: This leads to significant diuresis, causing hypovolemia and subsequent hypotension.
Step 3: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic, not as potent as loop diuretics.
Step 4: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, less likely to cause hypotension due to its mechanism of action.
Step 5: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic, less potent than loop diuretics like furosemide in causing hypovolemia and hypotension.
Which statement accurately describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
- A. The primary function of GFR is to excrete nitrogenous waste products.
- B. Decreased permeability in the glomerulus causes loss of proteins into the urine.
- C. The GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow and adequate hydrostatic pressure.
- D. The GFR is decreased when prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased renal blood flow.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Adequate blood flow is essential for GFR as it ensures efficient filtration of blood in the glomerulus.
2. Adequate hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus is needed to push filtrate into the tubules.
3. If blood flow or hydrostatic pressure is inadequate, GFR will decrease.
4. Option A is incorrect as GFR primarily filters blood, not excretes waste products.
5. Option B is incorrect as increased permeability in the glomerulus leads to protein loss, not decreased.
6. Option D is incorrect as prostaglandins causing vasodilation would increase, not decrease, GFR.
Summary:
The correct answer is C because GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow and hydrostatic pressure. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the factors affecting GFR.