Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast

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A 45-year-old patient asks how often she should have a mammogram. The most appropriate answer is

  • A. whenever she feels a lump.
  • B. every year beginning at age
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: every year beginning at age 45. This recommendation aligns with guidelines from major health organizations, such as the American Cancer Society, which suggest annual mammograms for women starting at age 45 to screen for breast cancer. Regular screening helps detect early signs of cancer and improves treatment outcomes. Choice A is incorrect as relying on feeling a lump is not a reliable screening method. Choices C and D are incomplete and do not provide a specific guideline for mammogram frequency.

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The bone cell type that breaks down the bone matrix is:

  • A. Osteocytes
  • B. Osteoclasts
  • C. Osteoblasts
  • D. Osteoprogenitor
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are bone cells responsible for breaking down the bone matrix through a process called bone resorption. They secrete enzymes and acids that dissolve the mineralized matrix, allowing for bone remodeling and repair. Osteocytes (A) are mature bone cells that help maintain bone tissue. Osteoblasts (C) are responsible for bone formation by synthesizing new bone matrix. Osteoprogenitor cells (D) are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts. Therefore, the correct answer is B as osteoclasts specifically break down the bone matrix.

In order to prevent post-dural puncture (spinal) headache, the woman should

  • A. be administered ibuprofen
  • B. lie flat for several hours
  • C. increase hydration
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Remaining supine minimizes cerebrospinal fluid leakage and headache risk.

When suspecting an ovarian cyst on the basis of abdominal pain, what other causes need to be ruled out due to the severity of the condition? Select all that apply.

  • A. ectopic pregnancy
  • B. inflamed appendix
  • C. ovarian torsion
  • D. submucosal fibroid
Correct Answer: A,B,C

Rationale: The correct answer is A, B, and C.

A: Ectopic pregnancy can present similarly to an ovarian cyst with abdominal pain. It is a life-threatening emergency due to the risk of rupture.
B: Inflamed appendix can mimic symptoms of an ovarian cyst, such as lower abdominal pain. Appendicitis can lead to serious complications without prompt treatment.
C: Ovarian torsion can cause sudden, severe abdominal pain similar to that of an ovarian cyst. It requires immediate medical attention to prevent ovarian damage or necrosis.
D: Submucosal fibroid is a benign growth in the uterus and would not typically cause symptoms that mimic an ovarian cyst.

HELLP syndrome is characterized by (H) hemolysis, (EL) elevated liver enzymes, and (LP)

  • A. lateral pain
  • B. low (blood) pressure
  • C. low platelet count
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Low platelet count is a key feature of HELLP syndrome, reflecting microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.

Ineffective or shallow infant latch with breastfeeding may lead to increased

  • A. reflux in the infant
  • B. milk let-down
  • C. nipple pain
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Poor latch can cause nipple pain and damage, making breastfeeding uncomfortable for the mother.

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