Nokea
A client has been taking isoniazid for tuberculosis for 3 weeks. What laboratory results need to be reported to the primary health care provider immediately?
- A. Albumin: 5.1 g/dL (7.4 mcmol/L)
- B. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 180 U/L
- C. Red blood cell (RBC) count: 5.2/million/µL (5.2  1012/L)
- D. White blood cell (WBC) count: 12,500/mm3 (12.5 ï‚´ 109/L)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 180 U/L. Elevated ALT levels indicate liver damage, a potential side effect of isoniazid. This is crucial to report immediately to the primary health care provider to assess liver function and adjust medication if needed.
A: Albumin levels may fluctuate due to various factors but are not typically urgent in this context.
C: RBC count within normal range, not directly related to isoniazid therapy.
D: WBC count slightly elevated but not a priority unless there are other concerning symptoms.
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Cloacal respiration is found in
- A. Snake
- B. Turtle and Tortoise
- C. Crocodile
- D. Frog
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cloacal respiration is found in turtles and tortoises. These reptiles can absorb oxygen through their cloaca, a multi-functional opening used for excretion and reproduction. Turtles and tortoises lack specialized respiratory organs like lungs, and thus utilize cloacal respiration as an additional means of obtaining oxygen. Snakes (Option A) primarily rely on lung respiration. Crocodiles (Option C) have well-developed lungs for breathing. Frogs (Option D) respire through their skin and lungs but do not utilize cloacal respiration like turtles and tortoises. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it is the only species listed that exhibits cloacal respiration.
Which phrase is used to describe the volume of air inspired and expired with a normal breath?
- A. Total lung capacity
- B. Forced vital capacity
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Residual volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tidal volume. Tidal volume refers to the volume of air inspired and expired during a normal breath. It represents the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during each respiratory cycle, which typically ranges from 500 to 700 milliliters in adults. Total lung capacity (A) is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold, including residual volume. Forced vital capacity (B) is the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not related to a normal breath. Residual volume (D) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation and is not part of a normal breath cycle.
Identify the inconsistent value at sea level
- A. Alveolar pCO2 = 40mmHg
- B. Alveolar pO2 = 100mmHg
- C. Alveolar PH2O = 47mmHg
- D. pO2 of inspired air = 130mmHg
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because at sea level, the pO2 of inspired air is around 159mmHg, not 130mmHg. This is due to the partial pressure of oxygen being higher at sea level. Alveolar pCO2, pO2, and PH2O values are consistent with normal values at sea level. Therefore, D is the inconsistent value.
What is the least successful treatment for laryngeal cancer?
- A. Surgical treatment
- B. Radical neck dissection
- C. Radiation therapy with surgery
- D. Chemotherapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Chemotherapy alone is generally less effective for laryngeal cancer compared to surgical treatment, radiation therapy, or combinations thereof. A (surgical treatment) and C (radiation therapy with surgery) are more successful. B (radical neck dissection) is a specific surgical approach but still more effective than chemotherapy alone.
which actions occur in inhalation
- A. rib muscle and diaphragm contract
- B. volume in chest cavity increase
- C. air pressure decreases
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because during inhalation, the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, expanding the chest cavity which increases its volume. This decrease in pressure inside the lungs allows air to rush in. Therefore, all the actions mentioned in options A, B, and C occur during inhalation. Rib muscle and diaphragm contraction, increased volume in the chest cavity, and decreased air pressure collectively facilitate the process of inhalation. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the necessary actions that occur during inhalation.