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A couple undergoing fertility treatments asks about male factor infertility. What should the nurse discuss?
- A. Male infertility is always caused by low testosterone levels.
- B. Sperm count, motility, and morphology are critical factors in male fertility.
- C. Male infertility does not affect the success of fertility treatments.
- D. Male factor infertility cannot be diagnosed with a semen analysis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because sperm count, motility, and morphology are indeed critical factors in male fertility. Sperm count refers to the number of sperm present, motility is the ability of sperm to move effectively, and morphology relates to the shape and structure of sperm. These factors directly impact a man's fertility potential.
Choice A is incorrect because male infertility can have various causes, not solely low testosterone levels. Choice C is incorrect as male infertility can impact the success of fertility treatments. Choice D is incorrect because semen analysis is a key diagnostic tool for identifying male factor infertility.
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Lori, who is 32 years old, is taking clomiphene citrate to induce ovulation and presents to the office for a vaginal ultrasound. As the nurse is walking Lori to ultrasound, Lori mentions that over the past 12 hours she has experienced abdominal bloating, nausea, and weight gain of 5 pounds. The nurse recognizes these signs and symptoms to be associated with what condition?
- A. Ovulation
- B. Premenstrual syndrome
- C. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- D. Failed ovulation induction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). OHSS is a potential complication of ovulation induction with medications like clomiphene citrate. The symptoms Lori is experiencing (abdominal bloating, nausea, and weight gain) are classic signs of moderate OHSS. The mechanism involves excessive response to the ovulation induction medication leading to enlarged ovaries and fluid accumulation in the abdomen. It is crucial to monitor patients on ovulation induction therapy for signs of OHSS to prevent severe complications.
Choice A: Ovulation - This is incorrect because the symptoms described are not typical of ovulation itself.
Choice B: Premenstrual syndrome - This is incorrect because the symptoms are not specific to premenstrual syndrome and are more indicative of a complication related to medication.
Choice D: Failed ovulation induction - This is incorrect because the symptoms suggest a response to the medication rather than a failure of ovulation.
The nurse is educating a client about hysterosalpingograms. Which information should the nurse include prior to this procedure?
- A. This procedure is always performed under general anesthesia.
- B. This procedure should be performed after ovulation has occurred.
- C. This procedure involves instillation of a radiopaque dye into the uterine cavity.
- D. After the procedure, the client should take Tylenol to decrease cramping.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C:
1. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) involves instillation of a radiopaque dye into the uterine cavity to visualize the uterus and fallopian tubes.
2. This dye helps to identify any abnormalities or blockages in the reproductive system.
3. The nurse should include this information as it is essential for the client to understand the purpose and process of the procedure.
4. Understanding the use of the dye can help alleviate any anxiety or concerns the client may have.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: This procedure is typically performed without general anesthesia.
B: HSG can be performed at various points in the menstrual cycle, not specifically after ovulation.
D: Tylenol may be recommended for pain relief post-procedure, but it is not a necessary pre-procedure step.
Assessment of a woman in labor reveals cervical dilation of 3 cm, cervical effacement of 30%, and contractions occurring every 7 to 8 minutes, lasting about 40 seconds. The nurse determines that this client is in:
- A. latent phase of the first stage.
- B. active phase of the first stage.
- C. pelvic phase of the second stage.
- D. early phase of the third stage.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The client's cervical dilation, effacement, and contraction pattern indicate that she is in the latent phase of the first stage of labor. This phase is characterized by cervical dilation of 0 to 3 cm, effacement of 0% to 40%, and contractions every 5 to 10 minutes lasting 30 to 40 seconds. The active phase of the first stage occurs with cervical dilation of 4 to 7 cm, effacement of 40% to 80%, and contractions every 2 to 5 minutes lasting 45 to 60 seconds. The perineal phase of the second stage and early phase of the third stage have different characteristics, making them incorrect choices.
What is the purpose of progesterone in supporting early pregnancy?
- A. To increase fetal growth rates.
- B. To maintain the uterine lining and prevent menstrual shedding.
- C. To stimulate ovulation during the menstrual cycle.
- D. To regulate the release of other reproductive hormones.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because progesterone plays a crucial role in maintaining the uterine lining to support implantation and prevent menstrual shedding. Progesterone prepares the uterus for the potential implantation of a fertilized egg by thickening the endometrium. If fertilization occurs, progesterone continues to support the pregnancy by ensuring the uterine lining remains intact to provide a nurturing environment for the developing embryo. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because progesterone's main function in early pregnancy is not to increase fetal growth rates, stimulate ovulation, or regulate the release of other reproductive hormones.
The nurse is counseling a couple about infertility. Which piece of assessment data may affect the woman's ability to become pregnant?
- A. The woman exercises three times a week for 1 hour.
- B. The couple each consumes a glass of wine each night.
- C. The couple has a sauna in their backyard.
- D. The male partner works on heavy machinery.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Having a sauna in the backyard may affect the woman's ability to become pregnant due to the potential negative impact of excessive heat on sperm production and ovulation. Saunas can raise body temperature, which can be harmful to sperm and reduce fertility.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Regular exercise is generally beneficial for fertility and overall health, so this is unlikely to significantly impact the woman's ability to become pregnant.
B: Consuming a glass of wine each night in moderation is not likely to have a significant impact on fertility unless it leads to excessive alcohol consumption.
D: Working on heavy machinery may pose risks to male fertility due to potential exposure to harmful chemicals or radiation, but this choice doesn't directly impact the woman's ability to become pregnant.