Nokea
A deficiency of dietary iodine:
- A. lowers plasma calcium levels.
- B. causes low blood volume and shock.
- C. decreases the synthesis of calcitonin.
- D. causes a goiter.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a deficiency of dietary iodine leads to an insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which can result in the enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. This is due to the thyroid gland working harder to try to produce more hormones.
A, B, and C are incorrect because a deficiency of dietary iodine does not directly affect plasma calcium levels, blood volume, or the synthesis of calcitonin. These are functions that are primarily regulated by other hormones and factors in the body, not by iodine deficiency.
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Which class of oral glucose-lowering agents is most commonly used for people with type 2 diabetes because it reduces hepatic glucose production and enhances tissue uptake of glucose?
- A. Insulin
- B. Meglitinide
- C. Biguanide
- D. Sulfonylurea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Biguanides, like metformin, are commonly used because they reduce glucose production in the liver and enhance tissue glucose uptake.
Which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
- A. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
- B. human growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
- C. prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. glucocorticoids and androgens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. The posterior pituitary stores and releases these hormones, which are produced in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection, while antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because human growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, and glucocorticoids and androgens are produced by the adrenal glands, respectively.
How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters?
- A. Hormones travel through the synaptic cleft while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- B. Hormones act on receptors while neurotransmitters do not.
- C. Hormones use speedy electrical impulses, while neurotransmitters take several seconds from the gland to the target tissue.
- D. Hormones travel through the bloodstream while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft between neurons.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hormones travel through the bloodstream while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft between neurons. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to target distant tissues, while neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals locally between neurons. Choice A is incorrect as hormones do not travel through the synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitters do not travel through the bloodstream. Choice B is incorrect as both hormones and neurotransmitters act on specific receptors. Choice C is incorrect as hormones do not use electrical impulses; instead, they travel through the bloodstream.
What is meant by antibiotic resistance?
- A. No bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic.
- B. Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics.
- C. No viruses will be killed by any antibiotic.
- D. Only some viruses will be killed by some antibiotics.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Only some bacteria will be killed by some antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to survive and grow despite the presence of an antibiotic. This occurs when bacteria evolve and develop mechanisms to defend against antibiotics. It is not accurate to say that no bacteria will be killed by any antibiotic (choice A) as some bacteria may still be susceptible to certain antibiotics. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, so choice C and D are incorrect. In summary, antibiotic resistance specifically pertains to bacteria developing the ability to survive some antibiotics, making choice B the correct answer.
A patient with hypoparathyroidism resulting from surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism is preparing for discharge. What should the nurse teach the patient?
- A. Milk and milk products should be increased in the diet.
- B. Parenteral replacement of parathyroid hormone will be required for life.
- C. Calcium supplements with vitamin D can effectively maintain calcium balance.
- D. Bran and whole-grain foods should be used to prevent GI effects of replacement therapy.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Calcium supplements with vitamin D are essential to maintain calcium balance in patients with hypoparathyroidism.