Nokea
A nurse draws up 10 units of regular-acting insulin to give to a client who has been diabetic for 10 years. What does the nurse do prior to giving the insulin to the client to prevent a medication error?
- A. Check the client's last glucose level drawn and inform the physician of the result.
- B. Inform the diabetic educator that the client needs education.
- C. Assume the client knows what the insulin is for and why it is to be given.
- D. Have another nurse check the amount and type of insulin drawn up against the order.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Having another nurse check the amount and type of insulin helps prevent medication errors and ensures the correct medication is given.
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Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
- A. adrenal medulla
- B. pancreas
- C. thyroid gland
- D. thymus gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thymus gland. The thymus gland is crucial for the development and maturation of T cells, a type of immune cell. The hormones produced by the thymus gland, such as thymosin, play a key role in the proper functioning of the immune system. Without a functional thymus gland, the immune response would be compromised.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: Adrenal medulla does not play a direct role in immune response development.
B: Pancreas primarily produces hormones related to blood sugar regulation, not immune response.
C: Thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly related to immune response development.
Which of the following is not a therapeutic use of adrenaline:
- A. To prolong the action of local anesthetics
- B. To stop epistaxis
- C. To treat hypertension
- D. To treat anaphylaxis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To treat hypertension. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is not typically used to treat hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Adrenaline is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics (A), stop epistaxis (B), and treat anaphylaxis (D) due to its ability to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate in emergency situations.
Which statement accurately describes Graves' disease?
- A. Exophthalmos occurs in Graves' disease.
- B. It is an uncommon form of hyperthyroidism.
- C. Manifestations of hyperthyroidism occur from tissue desensitization to the sympathetic nervous system.
- D. Diagnostic testing in the patient with Graves' disease will reveal an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) is a common feature of Graves' disease due to the effects of excess thyroid hormones.
Review of a patient's chart reveals that two years ago she was treated with ritodrine. Which of the following was the most likely condition or reason for which this drug was given?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Depression
- D. Premature labor
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Premature labor. Ritodrine is a tocolytic agent commonly used to inhibit premature labor by relaxing the uterine muscles. It works by decreasing the frequency and intensity of contractions, helping to delay premature delivery. Parkinson's disease (A), bronchial asthma (B), and depression (C) are not conditions typically treated with ritodrine. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder, bronchial asthma is a respiratory condition, and depression is a mental health condition. Therefore, based on the pharmacological action of ritodrine and the context of its usage, the most likely reason for which this drug was given in this case is to manage premature labor.
Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut?
- A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
- B. the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
- C. parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve
- D. sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because blood vessels in the gut are primarily innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, not by enteric nerves. Enteric nerves are confined to the gastrointestinal tract itself and are responsible for regulating gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Sympathetic innervation typically causes vasoconstriction, while parasympathetic innervation promotes vasodilation. The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, regulating gut motility. Parasympathetic supply to the gut is mainly through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and sacral nerves (pelvic splanchnic nerves). Sympathetic supply can either be inhibitory or excitatory, but generally, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibers in the gut.