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A nurse is assisting a patient who is working on the technique of systematic desensitization. When the patient feels anxious, the nurse can best use the principles of this technique by stating.
- A. Use the deep breathing techniques we practiced yesterday.
- B. What is the worst that will happen if you confront this fear?
- C. Tell me how you are feeling right now.
- D. I can see you are anxious. Let's stop for a minute.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Systematic desensitization involves using learned relaxation techniques, like deep breathing, to manage anxiety during exposure to fear-inducing stimuli.
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A basic assumption of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that
- A. All human behavior can be caused and can be explained.
- B. Human behavior is entirely unconscious.
- C. Free association is the key to understanding.
- D. Sexuality does not relate to behavior.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that all behavior has a cause, whether conscious or unconscious, driven by internal forces like the id, ego, and superego.
Patients on an inpatient psychiatric unit can earn off-unit privileges for daily use of socially appropriate behavior. This is an example of employing which concept of behavior?
- A. Systematic desensitization
- B. Negative reinforcement
- C. Classical conditioning
- D. Operant conditioning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards, like earning privileges for appropriate behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior recurring.
Which of the following is a major developmental task of middle adulthood?
- A. Developing intimacy
- B. Learning to manage conflict
- C. Reexamining life goals
- D. Resolving the past
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In middle adulthood, reexamining life goals is a key task in Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage, focusing on productivity and satisfaction.
Which cognitive mode, according to Harry Stack Sullivan, begins in early childhood as the child begins to connect experiences in sequence?
- A. Prototaxic mode
- B. Parataxic mode
- C. Bitaxic mode
- D. Syntaxic mode
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sullivan's parataxic mode involves children connecting experiences in sequence, though not always logically, marking an early cognitive developmental stage.
Which of the following is most essential when planning care for a client who is experiencing a crisis?
- A. Explore previous coping strategies
- B. Explore underlying personality dynamics
- C. Focus on emotional deficits
- D. Offer a referral to a self-help group
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Crisis intervention leverages the client's existing coping strategies and strengths to address the current situation, making this the most essential focus.