Nokea
A nurse is caring for a client who states she has been taking Phenylephrine nasal drops for the past 10 days for Sinusitis. The nurse should assess the client for which of the following adverse effects of this medication?
- A. Sedation
- B. Nasal congestion
- C. Productive cough
- D. Constipation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prolonged phenylephrine use can cause rebound nasal congestion due to vasoconstrictor overuse.
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Candesartan and irbesartan are angiotensin receptor blockers that are used to treat hypertension. The therapeutic dose range for candesartan is 4 to 32 mg, as compared to 75 to 300 mg for irbesartan. which of the following regarding this statement is correct?
- A. Candesartan is more potent than is irbesartan
- B. Candesartan and irbesartan have different efficacy
- C. Candesartan is a non competitive antagonist for irbesartan
- D. Irbesartan is a competitive antagonist for candesartan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lower dose range for candesartan indicates higher potency (lower EC50) compared to irbesartan.
A nurse is instructing a pregnant patient concerning the potential risk to her fetus from a Pregnancy Category B drug. What would the nurse inform the patient?
- A. Adequate studies in pregnant women have demonstrated there is no risk to the fetus.
- B. Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women.
- C. Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
- D. There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from use of the drug may be acceptable despite potential risks.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Category B indicates that animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, there have not been adequate studies in pregnant women to demonstrate risk to a fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy and no evidence of risk in later trimesters. Category A indicates that adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester or in later trimesters. Category C indicates that animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but no adequate studies in humans. Category D reveals evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drugs in pregnant women may outweigh potential risks.
45 year old female has a diabetes mellitus. Endocrinologist prescribes treatment, which has a side effect as hypoglycemia and weight gain. Which of the following drug is prescribed?
- A. Canagliflozin
- B. Exenatide
- C. Gliburide
- D. Pramlintide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Gliburide, a sulfonylurea, commonly causes hypoglycemia and weight gain due to increased insulin release.
Which of the following would the nurse identify as a factor that alters drug response in children and infants? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Slower gastric emptying
- B. Greater surface area
- C. Less protein binding
- D. Decreased body water content
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Children and infants are not small adults; therefore, they have altered pharmacokinetics. Factors that alter pharmacokinetics in children include slower gastric emptying, less cutaneous fat, greater surface area, increased body water content, less protein binding, and immature hepatic and renal function.
The following can be used for diabetes mellitus:
- A. Desmoporesine
- B. Insuline preparations
- C. Chlorpropamide
- D. Metformin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin, chlorpropamide, metformin, and acarbose (B, C, D, E) are all used for diabetes management.