Nokea
A nurse is giving a presentation to a group of colleagues about the prevention of hepatitis transmission. Which of the following recommendations would the nurse suggest a healthcare worker use when working in the hospital?
- A. Perform handwashing even after removing gloves
- B. Wear a gown only if body fluids may be splashed
- C. Receive hepatitis A vaccine regardless of risk
- D. Perform CPR without a pocket mask
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hand hygiene is essential in preventing the spread of hepatitis, as the virus can survive on surfaces and transfer through contact.
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Which of the following is not a function of saliva:
- A. Helps in articulation.
- B. Helps in swallowing.
- C. Helps in dental caries by increasing acidity of oral cavity.
- D. Kills microorganisms by lysozymes.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because saliva does not help in dental caries by increasing acidity; in fact, saliva helps neutralize acids and remineralize teeth. A: Saliva does help in articulation by lubricating the mouth. B: Saliva helps in swallowing by moistening food. D: Saliva contains lysozymes that kill microorganisms, aiding in oral hygiene.
For an organ lying within a body cavity, the tissue which is farthest away from the inner core or lumen of the organ is called the:
- A. Muscularis externa
- B. Serosa
- C. Mucosa
- D. Myenteric Plexus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Serosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of an organ lying within a body cavity. It is composed of connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium. This layer is farthest away from the inner core or lumen of the organ. The muscularis externa (choice A) is the layer of muscle tissue located just beneath the serosa. The mucosa (choice C) is the innermost layer of the organ, lining the lumen. The myenteric plexus (choice D) is a network of nerve fibers located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa, playing a role in regulating gastrointestinal motility.
Which of these digestive enzymes breaks down fats?
- A. amylase
- B. lipase
- C. trypsin
- D. pepsin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: lipase. Lipase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Amylase (A) breaks down carbohydrates, trypsin (C) breaks down proteins, and pepsin (D) also breaks down proteins but in the stomach. Lipase specifically targets fats in the small intestine, aiding in their digestion and absorption. Therefore, lipase is the correct choice for breaking down fats, making it the most suitable answer among the options provided.
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
- A. mouth
- B. esophagus
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the enzyme amylase present in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. This process initiates the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars for absorption. In contrast, the esophagus is not involved in digestion, the stomach primarily performs mechanical and protein digestion, and the small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur, but not where the initial digestion of starch begins.
The cardiac or lower gastroesophageal sphincter is composed of ______ muscle and prevents chyme from moving into the
- A. smooth; esophagus
- B. skeletal; esophagus
- C. smooth; duodenum
- D. skeletal; duodenum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: smooth; esophagus. The cardiac sphincter is made of smooth muscle because smooth muscles are involuntary and control the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control and are not found in sphincters. Choices C and D are incorrect because the duodenum is part of the small intestine and not relevant to the cardiac sphincter's function.