Nokea
A nurse is teaching a client about possible complications and hazards of home oxygen therapy. About which complications doesn't the nurse plan to teach the client?
- A. Absorptive atelectasis
- B. Combustion
- C. Dried mucous membranes
- D. Alveolar recruitment
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - Alveolar recruitment. This is because alveolar recruitment is actually a benefit of home oxygen therapy, not a complication. It helps improve oxygenation by opening up collapsed alveoli.
A - Absorptive atelectasis is a potential complication where nitrogen is absorbed from the alveoli leading to collapse. B - Combustion is a hazard due to oxygen's flammability. C - Dried mucous membranes is a common complication of oxygen therapy due to the drying effect of oxygen.
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which component of pharynx received the Eustachian tube
- A. oropharynx
- B. laryngopharynx
- C. Nasopharynx
- D. none of these
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nasopharynx. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, allowing for pressure equalization. The oropharynx (A) and laryngopharynx (B) do not directly receive the Eustachian tube. Choice D is incorrect as the Eustachian tube does connect to a specific part of the pharynx.
Rate and depth of respiration shall increase when
- A. Oxygen concentration increases
- B. CO2 concentration increases
- C. Bicarbonate concentration increases
- D. Bicarbonate concentration decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: CO2 concentration increases. When CO2 levels rise in the blood, it leads to an increase in the acidity of the blood, triggering the respiratory centers in the brain to increase the rate and depth of respiration in order to expel excess CO2 and restore the pH balance.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Oxygen concentration increases - An increase in oxygen concentration does not directly stimulate an increase in respiration rate or depth. The respiratory drive is primarily regulated by CO2 levels.
C: Bicarbonate concentration increases - While bicarbonate is involved in the acid-base balance in the body, it does not directly influence the rate and depth of respiration.
D: Bicarbonate concentration decreases - A decrease in bicarbonate concentration may affect acid-base balance, but it does not have a direct effect on respiratory rate and depth.
Mammalian RBC respire anaerobically because
- A. It has stroma inside
- B. It has Haemoglobin
- C. It lacks Mitochondria
- D. It has bicarbonate ions inside
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because mammalian RBCs lack mitochondria, which are responsible for aerobic respiration. Without mitochondria, RBCs are unable to perform oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP aerobically. Stroma (A) is found in chloroplasts, not RBCs. Hemoglobin (B) is responsible for oxygen transport, not cellular respiration. Bicarbonate ions (D) are involved in the buffering system of blood, not in cellular respiration. Therefore, the lack of mitochondria is the key reason for RBCs to respire anaerobically.
You are the team leader RN working with a student nurse. The student nurse is to teach the client how to use a multidose inhaler without a spacer. Put the steps that the student nurse should teach the client in correct order.
- A. Remove the inhaler cap and shake the inhaler.
- B. Tilt your head back and breathe out fully.
- C. Press down firmly on the canister and breathe deeply through your mouth.
- D. Wait at least 1 minute between puffs.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order is: A (remove cap and shake), B (tilt head back and breathe out), C (press down and breathe in), D (wait between puffs). This sequence ensures proper inhaler technique.
With respect to regional gas exchange in the upright lung
- A. Ventilation is greater at the top of the lungs
- B. Perfusion is much greater at the top of the lungs compared with the bases
- C. Ventilation/perfusion ratio is abnormally high at the top of the lungs
- D. PO2 is highest at the bases of the lungs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in the upright lung, the ventilation-perfusion ratio is higher at the top due to gravity causing increased perfusion at the bases. This results in a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion, leading to a higher V/Q ratio at the top. Choices A and B are incorrect because ventilation is actually greater at the bases due to the effect of gravity, leading to higher ventilation there. Choice D is incorrect because PO2 is higher at the apex of the lung due to decreased perfusion but not at the bases.