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A parent of a child with autism spectrum disorder asks the nurse if there is anything that can be done to control the child's tantrums. Which option should the nurse inform the parents that may be appropriate?
- A. Give the child rewards for resisting tantrums.
- B. Reason with the child why tantrums are not effective.
- C. Place the child in a time-out when tantrums occur.
- D. Explore the use of antipsychotic medications to control tantrums.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Antipsychotics like risperidone can help manage severe tantrums and related behaviors in autism, unlike reasoning or time-outs, which are less effective.
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The nurse is assessing a 16-month-old child during a well-baby checkup. Which of the following behaviors would be consistent with autism spectrum disorder? Select all that apply.
- A. The child displays little eye contact with others.
- B. The child thrives on changes in routine.
- C. The child makes few facial expressions toward others.
- D. The child does not like repetition.
- E. The child answers questions verbally.
Correct Answer: A,C,D
Rationale: Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by limited eye contact, few facial expressions, and a preference for repetition, not thriving on change or verbal responses at this age.
Which of the following symptoms are characteristic of ADHD? Select all that apply.
- A. Enuresis
- B. Inattentiveness
- C. Encopresis
- D. Overactivity
- E. Impulsiveness
Correct Answer: B,D,E
Rationale: ADHD is defined by inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness, while enuresis and encopresis are unrelated elimination disorders.
Which of the following terms describes the repeating of one's own words or sounds?
- A. Coprolalia
- B. Palilalia
- C. Echolalia
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Palilalia is the repetition of one's own words or sounds, distinct from coprolalia (obscene words) or echolalia (repeating others' words).
Which one of the following statements about educating parents of a child with ADHD is true?
- A. It is unimportant to educate the family members about ADHD as they already know the problem too well.
- B. Parents feel empowered and relieved to have specific strategies that can help them and their child be more successful.
- C. It is important for the nurse to spend the majority of his or her time with parents of children with ADHD in talking to the parents.
- D. If the child receives special school services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, there is no need for further services.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Educating parents with specific strategies empowers them to manage ADHD effectively, improving outcomes for the child.
For which reasons is it more difficult to diagnose psychiatric disorders in children than in adults? Select all that apply.
- A. Children usually lack the abstract cognitive abilities and verbal skills to describe what is happening.
- B. Because they are constantly changing and developing, children are unable to discriminate unusual or unwanted symptoms from normal feelings and sensations.
- C. Behaviors that are appropriate for a child of one developmental level may be inappropriate for a child of a different developmental level.
- D. Sometimes, children outgrow psychiatric disorders.
- E. Children and adolescents experience some of the same mental health problems as adults and are diagnosed using the same criteria as for adults.
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Children's limited cognitive and verbal skills, ongoing development, and age-specific behaviors complicate psychiatric diagnosis.