Nokea
A patient is admitted with acute myelogenous leukemia and a history of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. What is the nurse likely to find in the patient’s history?
- A. Work as a radiation chemist
- B. Epstein-Barr virus diagnosed in vitro
- C. Intense tanning throughout the lifetime
- D. Alkylating agents for treating the Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alkylating agents used to treat Hodgkin’s lymphoma can increase the risk of developing secondary malignancies like acute myelogenous leukemia.
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Which historical event provides evidence for immune adaptation?
- A. Spanish flu pandemic
- B. The Black Death caused by Yersinia pestis
- C. HIV/AIDS epidemic
- D. The eradication of smallpox
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Black Death caused by Yersinia pestis is the correct answer because it led to immune adaptation in survivors. Yersinia pestis triggered the body to develop immunity. The Spanish flu pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and eradication of smallpox did not directly result in immune adaptation like the Black Death. The Spanish flu and HIV/AIDS were caused by viruses that did not lead to long-term immunity, and smallpox eradication was achieved through vaccinations, not natural immune adaptation.
Which vitamin is essential in treating osteoporosis?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin D
- C. Vitamin B12
- D. Vitamin C
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin D. Vitamin D is essential in treating osteoporosis because it helps the body absorb calcium, a crucial mineral for bone health. Without sufficient Vitamin D, the body cannot effectively utilize calcium, leading to weakened bones. Vitamin A (Choice A) is not directly linked to osteoporosis treatment. Vitamin B12 (Choice C) is important for red blood cell production but not specifically for osteoporosis. Vitamin C (Choice D) aids in collagen formation but does not play a primary role in treating osteoporosis.
The process of somatic hypermutation:
- A. Can lead to the formation of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen
- B. Occurs mainly in the CDR regions of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes
- C. Occurs in germinal centres
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because somatic hypermutation can lead to the formation of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen by introducing point mutations in the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. This process mainly occurs in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, which are critical for antigen binding. Somatic hypermutation takes place in the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs, where B cells undergo rapid proliferation and selection based on antigen binding affinity. Therefore, all the statements in choices A, B, and C are correct, making option D the right answer.
What is the primary goal of palliative care in cancer treatment?
- A. Cure the disease
- B. Extend life expectancy
- C. Relieve suffering and improve quality of life
- D. Prevent disease recurrence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Palliative care focuses on relieving suffering and improving quality of life for patients with advanced cancer.
Which of the following are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues?
- A. naïve lymphocytes
- B. Hematopoietic stem cells
- C. Dendritic cells
- D. Antigen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Hematopoietic stem cells are not typically found within secondary lymphoid tissues because they are located in the bone marrow where they give rise to various blood cells. In contrast, secondary lymphoid tissues like lymph nodes and spleen primarily consist of mature immune cells and support immune responses. Naïve lymphocytes (A), dendritic cells (C), and antigens (D) are commonly found in secondary lymphoid tissues as they play crucial roles in the immune response.