Nokea
A patient is being treated for cancer and the nurse has identified the nursing diagnosis of Risk for Infection Due to Protein Losses. Protein losses inhibit immune response in which of the following ways?
- A. Causing apoptosis of cytokines
- B. Increasing interferon production
- C. Causing CD4+ cells to mutate
- D. Depressing antibody response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Depletion of protein reserves results in atrophy of lymphoid tissues, depression of antibody response, reduction in the number of circulating T cells, and impaired phagocytic function. This specific nutritional deficit does not cause T-cell mutation, an increase in the production of interferons, or apoptosis of cytokines.
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A nursing student is giving a report on the immune system. What function of cytokines should the student describe?
- A. Determining whether a cell is foreign
- B. Determining if lymphokines will be activated
- C. Determining whether the T cells will remain in the nodes and retain a memory of the antigen
- D. Determining whether the immune response will be the production of antibodies or a cell-mediated response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Separate subpopulations of helper T cells produce different types of cytokines and determine whether the immune response will be the production of antibodies or a cell-mediated immune response. Cytokines do not determine whether cells are foreign, determine if lymphokines will be activated, or determine the role of memory T cells.
A gerontologic nurse is caring for an older adult patient who has a diagnosis of pneumonia. What age-related change increases older adults susceptibility to respiratory infections?
- A. Atrophy of the thymus
- B. Bronchial stenosis
- C. Impaired ciliary action
- D. Decreased diaphragmatic muscle tone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: As a consequence of impaired ciliary action due to exposure to smoke and environmental toxins, older adults are vulnerable to lung infections. This vulnerability is not the result of thymus atrophy, stenosis of the bronchi, or loss of diaphragmatic muscle tone.
A woman has been diagnosed with breast cancer and is being treated aggressively with a chemotherapeutic regimen. As a result of this regimen, she has an inability to fight infection due to the fact that her bone marrow is unable to produce a sufficient amount of what?
- A. Lymphocytes
- B. Cytoblasts
- C. Antibodies
- D. Capillaries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The white blood cells involved in immunity (including lymphocytes) are produced in the bone marrow. Cytoblasts are the protoplasm of the cell outside the nucleus. Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes, but not in the bone marrow. Capillaries are small blood vessels.
A patients injury has initiated an immune response that involves inflammation. What are the first cells to arrive at a site of inflammation?
- A. Eosinophils
- B. Red blood cells
- C. Lymphocytes
- D. Neutrophils
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive at the site where inflammation occurs. Eosinophils increase in number during allergic reactions and stress responses, but are not always present during inflammation. RBCs do not migrate during an immune response. Lymphocytes become active but do not migrate to the site of inflammation.
A patient was recently exposed to infectious microorganisms and many T lymphocytes are now differentiating into killer T cells. This process characterizes what stage of the immune response?
- A. Effector
- B. Proliferation
- C. Response
- D. Recognition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In the proliferation stage, T lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic (or killer) T cells, whereas B lymphocytes produce and release antibodies. This does not occur in the response, recognition, or effector stages.