Nokea
A patient with type 2 diabetes is scheduled for a follow-up visit in the clinic several months from now. Which test will the nurse schedule to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for the patient?
- A. Urine dipstick for glucose
- B. Oral glucose tolerance test
- C. Fasting blood glucose level
- D. Glycosylated hemoglobin level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Glycosylated hemoglobin level. This test provides an average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months, reflecting long-term glycemic control. It is preferred for monitoring treatment effectiveness in diabetes. Urine dipstick for glucose (A) only detects current glucose levels in urine, not overall control. Oral glucose tolerance test (B) evaluates how the body processes glucose, not long-term control. Fasting blood glucose level (C) provides a snapshot of blood glucose at a specific moment, not long-term control.
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A nurse manager is preparing the budget for the year. The budgeted amounts have been set without regard to changes that may occur during the year. What type of budget is the manager preparing?
- A. Fixed budget
- B. Zero-based budget
- C. Variable budget
- D. Operating budget
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fixed budget. A fixed budget is set without considering changes that may occur during the year. It remains unchanged regardless of actual performance. In this scenario, the budgeted amounts are predetermined and do not adjust based on changing conditions. Other choices are incorrect because:
- B: Zero-based budget requires justifying every expense from scratch, not pre-set amounts.
- C: Variable budget adjusts based on activity levels, not predetermined like in this case.
- D: Operating budget encompasses all revenues and expenses, not necessarily fixed like in this scenario.
The type of theory that discusses how motivation works to direct a person's efforts is:
- A. Reinforcement.
- B. Operant.
- C. Conditioning.
- D. Process.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Process. Process theories of motivation focus on how individuals initiate, sustain, and direct their behavior towards achieving goals. These theories explore the cognitive processes involved in motivation, such as goal-setting, expectancy, and self-regulation. They highlight the importance of understanding individuals' thought processes and decision-making in driving their efforts.
Rationale:
A: Reinforcement theories primarily focus on how behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards and punishments. While reinforcement is a factor in motivation, it does not address the cognitive processes underlying motivation.
B: Operant theories, like reinforcement, concentrate on how behavior is shaped by consequences. However, they do not delve into the internal cognitive processes that drive motivation.
C: Conditioning theories, such as classical and operant conditioning, emphasize how behavior is learned through associations and reinforcements. While conditioning plays a role in shaping behavior, it does not directly address how motivation works to direct efforts based on cognitive processes.
In summary, the correct answer, D
Which of the following best describes the concept of just culture in a healthcare organization?
- A. A culture of blaming individuals for mistakes
- B. A culture of encouraging reporting and learning from errors
- C. A culture of punishing individuals for errors
- D. A culture of ignoring errors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a just culture in healthcare encourages reporting and learning from errors to improve patient safety and quality of care. This fosters a transparent environment where individuals feel safe to report errors without fear of punishment. By analyzing mistakes, healthcare organizations can implement preventive measures and enhance systems to prevent future errors. Choice A is incorrect as just culture avoids blaming individuals; Choice C is incorrect as it does not promote punishment but focuses on learning; and Choice D is incorrect as just culture acknowledges and addresses errors for continuous improvement.
What is the best description of cultural competence in nursing?
- A. Ignoring cultural differences
- B. Adapting care to cultural needs
- C. Learning about different cultures
- D. Teaching cultural awareness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because cultural competence in nursing involves adapting care to meet the cultural needs and preferences of each individual patient. This includes understanding and respecting their beliefs, values, and practices to provide effective and respectful care. Ignoring cultural differences (A) goes against the core principle of cultural competence. Simply learning about different cultures (C) is not enough; it is essential to apply that knowledge in practice. Teaching cultural awareness (D) is important but does not fully capture the holistic approach of adapting care to meet cultural needs.
Which of the following best describes intrinsic values?
- A. Intrinsic values are often abstract ideas.
- B. Intrinsic values are basic needs for sustaining life.
- C. Intrinsic values are qualities patients consider to be important in their private lives.
- D. Intrinsic values are qualities patients consider important for nurses to have.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because intrinsic values refer to fundamental principles or beliefs that are essential for sustaining life, such as honesty, integrity, or compassion. These values are inherent to an individual's being and are not dependent on external factors. Choice A is incorrect as intrinsic values are not necessarily abstract ideas. Choices C and D are incorrect as they relate to personal preferences or expectations rather than core values necessary for life sustenance.