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A postpartum client who delivered vaginally expresses concern about feeling "heavy" in the perineal area. What education should the nurse provide to address this sensation?
- A. Encourage the client to perform Kegel exercises regularly.
- B. Recommend the use of perineal pads for additional support.
- C. Educate the client about the process of uterine involution.
- D. Suggest the use of a perineal support garment.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The sensation of feeling "heavy" in the perineal area postpartum is a common concern due to the stretching and potential trauma to the perineal muscles during childbirth. Kegel exercises are specifically designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which can help alleviate this sensation of heaviness. By encouraging the client to perform Kegel exercises regularly, the nurse is promoting the restoration and strengthening of the perineal muscles, ultimately helping the client feel more comfortable and supported in that area. This education empowers the client to take an active role in their own recovery and promotes optimal healing postpartum.
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Which of the following organisms is the MOST common causative agent of urinary tract infection (UTI)?
- A. Staphylococcus
- B. Pseudomonas
- C. Klebsiella
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the MOST common causative agent of urinary tract infection (UTI), accounting for approximately 80-85% of all cases. E. coli is a type of bacteria that naturally resides in the gastrointestinal tract and can easily migrate to the urinary tract, causing infection. Its prevalence in UTIs is due to various factors such as its ability to adhere to the uroepithelial cells and form biofilms, leading to persistent infections. Therefore, E. coli is the most common organism responsible for UTIs in both community and healthcare settings.
While preparing the operating room (OR) for a surgical procedure, the nurse notices that the surgical instrument tray is incomplete. What should the nurse do?
- A. Proceed with the procedure using the available instruments
- B. Document the missing instruments in the surgical count log
- C. Inform the sterile processing department and request additional instruments
- D. Borrow the missing instruments from another OR Professionalism and Fundamentals of Nursing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: It is crucial to have a complete set of surgical instruments for any surgical procedure to ensure patient safety and the success of the surgery. If the nurse notices that the surgical instrument tray is incomplete, the best course of action is to inform the sterile processing department immediately. By doing so, the missing instruments can be promptly provided, ensuring that the surgical team has all the necessary tools for the procedure. Proceeding with the procedure using incomplete instruments can compromise patient safety and the quality of care provided. Documenting the missing instruments in the surgical count log is important for record-keeping purposes but should not delay the immediate action of requesting additional instruments. Borrowing instruments from another OR is not recommended as it can create confusion, potential cross-contamination, and disrupt the workflow of another surgical team.
Which of the following is the most common risk factor for the development of ovarian cancer?
- A. Nulliparity
- B. Early menarche
- C. Late menopause
- D. Family history of breast cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nulliparity, which refers to never having given birth to a child, is the most common risk factor for the development of ovarian cancer. Women who have never been pregnant have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer compared to those who have had children. This association is believed to be related to the uninterrupted ovulation cycles that nulliparous women experience, leading to changes in the surface epithelium of the ovary that predispose them to cancer development. Conversely, factors like early menarche, late menopause, and a family history of breast cancer are also associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer but are not as commonly observed as nulliparity in the general population.
A patient presents with gradual-onset memory loss, impaired judgment, and personality changes. Over time, the patient develops difficulty with language, motor function, and coordination. Which of the following neurological conditions is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Alzheimer's disease
- C. Huntington's disease
- D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The symptoms described such as memory loss, impaired judgment, personality changes, difficulty with language, motor function, and coordination all point towards Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects memory and cognitive functions. Over time, it leads to severe impairment in daily activities and overall functioning. While Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and ALS can also present with neurological symptoms, the combination of gradual-onset memory loss, cognitive decline, and functional impairments seen in this scenario is most characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
After the procedure, the patient was ordered for Lithotripsy, under spinal anesthesia. The nurse has to call the department of ________.
- A. Internal medicine
- B. Surgery
- C. Anesthesia
- D. Imagery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the provided scenario, the patient is scheduled for Lithotripsy under spinal anesthesia. This means that the nurse needs to communicate with the department of anesthesia to coordinate and prepare for the procedure. Anesthesia departments are responsible for administering various types of anesthesia, including spinal anesthesia, to ensure patients are comfortable and pain-free during medical procedures. Therefore, contacting the department of anesthesia is crucial in this situation to ensure that the necessary arrangements are in place for the patient's lithotripsy procedure.