Nokea
A tumor producing large amounts of the intestinal hormone GIP may result in:
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Intestinal colic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperglycemia. GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) is released in response to food intake to stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, leading to reduced blood glucose levels. Excessive GIP production from a tumor can result in excessive insulin release, causing hypoglycemia. This is why the correct answer is hyperglycemia. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the physiological effects of GIP.
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At which relative exercise intensity would you expect to utilize the most intramuscular triglycerides?
- A. 25% VO2 max (i.e. 25% of aerobic capacity)
- B. 65% VO2 max
- C. 85% VO2 max
- D. 150% VO2 max
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (65% VO2 max) because at this intensity, the body primarily uses a combination of fats and carbohydrates for energy production. Intramuscular triglycerides are a source of fat utilized during moderate-intensity exercise. At 25% VO2 max (choice A), the body predominantly uses carbohydrates, while at 85% VO2 max (choice C) and 150% VO2 max (choice D), the reliance shifts towards carbohydrates due to the higher intensity levels. Therefore, option B is the most suitable intensity for utilizing intramuscular triglycerides efficiently.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone
- A. gastrin.
- B. pepsinogen.
- C. histamine.
- D. secretin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Parasympathetic stimulation triggers the release of gastrin from endocrine cells in the stomach. Gastrin plays a key role in promoting gastric acid secretion and stimulating gastric motility. This hormone is essential for regulating digestion.
Incorrect choices:
B: Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is not released by endocrine cells in the stomach.
C: Histamine is released by mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, not endocrine cells in the stomach.
D: Secretin is released by the S cells in the duodenum in response to low pH in the small intestine, not by endocrine cells in the stomach.
Which of these cells in the stomach secrete mucus?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucous neck cells. These cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment and aid in lubrication. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin. Mucous neck cells are specifically responsible for mucus secretion in the stomach, making them the correct choice.
Regardless of the precipitating factor
- A. what causes the injury to mucosal cells in peptic ulcers?
- B. Acid back diffusion into the mucosa
- C. The release of histamine from GI cells
- D. Ammonia formation in the mucosal wall
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Peptic ulcers are mainly caused by H. pylori infection or NSAIDs use, not directly related to acid injury.
Step 2: Ammonia formation in the mucosal wall neutralizes acid, protecting mucosal cells.
Step 3: Ammonia is produced by H. pylori urease enzyme, contributing to ulcer formation.
Step 4: Acid back diffusion (B) and histamine release (C) are consequences, not direct causes of ulcers.
Summary: Ammonia formation (D) is the correct answer as it directly contributes to mucosal injury in peptic ulcers. Acid back diffusion (B) and histamine release (C) are secondary effects of ulcer formation, not the primary cause.
What information should be included in the dietary teaching for the patient following a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass?
- A. Avoid sugary foods and limit fluids to prevent dumping syndrome.
- B. Gradually increase the amount of food ingested to preoperative levels.
- C. Maintain a long-term liquid diet to prevent damage to the surgical site.
- D. Consume foods high in complex carbohydrates, protein, and fiber to add bulk to contents.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Avoid sugary foods and limit fluids to prevent dumping syndrome. After a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the patient's stomach size is reduced, making it important to avoid sugary foods that can cause rapid spikes in blood sugar and lead to dumping syndrome. Dumping syndrome occurs when food moves too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine, causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weakness. Limiting fluids can also help prevent this by slowing down digestion. Choices B and C are incorrect as increasing food intake rapidly or maintaining a liquid diet long-term can be harmful post-surgery. Choice D is incorrect because consuming foods high in complex carbohydrates, protein, and fiber can be difficult for the patient to digest due to the altered anatomy.