Nokea
A tumor producing large amounts of the intestinal hormone GIP may result in:
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Intestinal colic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperglycemia. GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) is released in response to food intake to stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, leading to reduced blood glucose levels. Excessive GIP production from a tumor can result in excessive insulin release, causing hypoglycemia. This is why the correct answer is hyperglycemia. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the physiological effects of GIP.
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A client with proctitis needs a rectal suppository. A senior nursing student assigned to this client tells you that she is afraid to insert the suppository because she has never done it before. What is the most appropriate action in supervising this student?
- A. You give the medication and report the student to the instructor.
- B. Ask the student to leave the clinical area for being unprepared.
- C. Reassign the client to an LPN/LVN.
- D. Show the student how to insert the suppository and talk to the instructor.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. Supervising students is part of the nursing role.
2. As a tutor, your responsibility is to guide and teach students.
3. Showing the student how to insert the suppository will help build their skills and confidence.
4. Talking to the instructor ensures proper supervision and support for the student's learning.
5. Reporting or dismissing the student is not constructive and goes against the principles of education and mentorship.
Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?
- A. esophageal hiatus
- B. cardiac orifice
- C. upper esophageal sphincter
- D. lower esophageal sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: esophageal hiatus. This is the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes, connecting the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The esophageal hiatus is specifically located at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cardiac orifice refers to the opening of the stomach into the esophagus, not where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
C: Upper esophageal sphincter is a muscular valve at the upper end of the esophagus, not related to its passage through the diaphragm.
D: Lower esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, not at the point where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.
Which of the following is synthesized and stored in the liver cells?
- A. Galactose
- B. Lactose
- C. Glycogen
- D. Arabinose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glycogen. Glycogen is synthesized and stored in liver cells as a form of glucose storage for energy. The liver plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels by converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage. Galactose (A) is a sugar found in milk and is metabolized in the liver, but it is not synthesized or stored there. Lactose (B) is a disaccharide found in dairy products and is broken down into glucose and galactose in the intestine, not synthesized or stored in the liver. Arabinose (D) is a sugar found in plants but is not synthesized or stored in the liver.
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
- A. Break down carbohydrates
- B. Break down proteins
- C. Emulsify fats
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Break down proteins. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach helps to activate pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. This process is essential for proper digestion of proteins. Choice A is incorrect because carbohydrates are broken down by amylase enzymes in the mouth and small intestine. Choice C is incorrect because emulsification of fats occurs in the small intestine with the help of bile. Choice D is incorrect as hydrochloric acid plays a significant role in the digestion of proteins in the stomach.
Which statement about intestinal 'brakes' and 'accelerators' is FALSE?
- A. Dietary starch is a potent stimulator of small intestinal motility because it causes insulin release from the pancreas
- B. Food in the stomach causes gastrin release, which stimulates acid secretion
- C. Short-chain fatty acids which move from colon to caecum (reflux) promote ileo-caecal motility
- D. The arrival of lipid in the duodenum causes an immediate reduction in motility and a switch from the 'fasting' to the 'feeding' pattern.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because dietary starch does not cause insulin release from the pancreas, but rather stimulates the release of incretin hormones like glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These incretins help regulate blood sugar levels postprandially and do not directly affect intestinal motility.
Incorrect choices:
B: Food in the stomach causing gastrin release is true and stimulates acid secretion.
C: Short-chain fatty acids moving from colon to caecum promoting ileo-caecal motility is true.
D: The arrival of lipid in the duodenum causing a reduction in motility is true.