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Addison's disease frequently causes skin pigment changes. When teaching the patient about medications used for Addison's disease, it is important that he or she understands:
- A. To take plenty of water (at least 8 ounces or 240 mL) with the medication.
- B. Proper subcutaneous injection technique.
- C. That they continue for life.
- D. That they can be stopped when symptoms abate.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients with Addison's disease require lifelong hormone replacement therapy to manage the condition as the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol.
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Adrenaline combination with local anesthetics has the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Reduces the absorption of local anesthetic
- B. Increases the duration of its local anesthetic activity
- C. Decreases the toxicity of the local anesthetic
- D. Increases blood flow to the injection area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D. Increases blood flow to the injection area.
Rationale:
1. Adrenaline is a vasoconstrictor that reduces blood flow in the injection area.
2. By constricting blood vessels, adrenaline limits the absorption of the local anesthetic, leading to prolonged local action.
3. Adrenaline also helps in reducing the systemic toxicity of the local anesthetic by limiting its absorption.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D as adrenaline does not increase blood flow to the injection area.
Cushing syndrome:
- A. may be caused by steroid (prednisone) therapy.
- B. is caused by adrenal insufficiency.
- C. is characterized by hypoglycemia and low blood volume.
- D. is treated with growth hormone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Cushing syndrome is typically caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, which can result from steroid therapy like prednisone. This leads to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. Adrenal insufficiency (B) is actually the opposite condition. Cushing syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia and increased blood volume, making choices C incorrect. Growth hormone is not a primary treatment for Cushing syndrome, making choice D incorrect.
To aid digestion the stomach produces?
- A. Alkali
- B. Trypsin
- C. Acid
- D. Amylase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acid. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion by creating an acidic environment that helps break down food and kill bacteria. Alkali (A) would not aid digestion as it neutralizes acids. Trypsin (B) and Amylase (D) are enzymes produced in the pancreas, not the stomach, and play a role in digesting proteins and carbohydrates, respectively. Thus, they are not the products of the stomach for aiding digestion.
Which of the following posterior pituitary hormones causes the kidney to decrease its excretion of urine?
- A. ADH
- B. ACTH
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH)
Rationale:
1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output.
2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume.
4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.
How do hormones and neurotransmitters interact?
- A. NONE OF THE ABOVE (They are both chemical messengers that can sometimes be chemically identical and both produce molecules that act on receptors)
- B. Hormones travel through the synaptic cleft while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- C. Hormones act on receptors while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- D. Both travel through the bloodstream to reach their target tissues.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters are both chemical messengers that can sometimes be chemically identical and produce molecules that act on receptors in target cells. This is correct as both hormones and neurotransmitters are signaling molecules that carry messages between cells.
Choice B is incorrect because hormones typically travel through the bloodstream to reach target tissues, while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft to transmit signals between neurons.
Choice C is incorrect because hormones also act on receptors in target cells, not just neurotransmitters. Both hormones and neurotransmitters can act on specific receptors to elicit a cellular response.
Choice D is incorrect because neurotransmitters primarily travel through the synaptic cleft to reach the target cell, while hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach their target tissues.