Nokea
X is a drug that contains a mixture of amphetamines. It is used for managing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The drug causes autonomic effects that can be fatal if an overdose is taken. How does X work in the body?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors, causing what is basically 'atropine poisoning'
- B. Blocks β2 receptors on airway smooth muscle, causing bronchoconstriction
- C. Inhibits MAO, leading to a 'shut-down' of the sympathetic nervous system
- D. Releases neuronal noradrenaline, causing excessive sympathetic effects, e.g., severe rises of blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because X, a mixture of amphetamines, works by releasing neuronal noradrenaline, causing excessive sympathetic effects like severe rises in blood pressure. This is how the drug helps manage ADHD symptoms. The other choices are incorrect because A (blocking muscarinic receptors) would not be related to the autonomic effects seen with X, B (blocking β2 receptors) would not explain the fatal autonomic effects, and C (inhibiting MAO) would not lead to the described autonomic effects. Therefore, D is the correct choice based on how X works in the body to produce its effects on the sympathetic nervous system.
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Which of the following posterior pituitary hormones causes the kidney to decrease its excretion of urine?
- A. ADH
- B. ACTH
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH)
Rationale:
1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output.
2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume.
4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.
Insulin:
- A. stimulates the formation of glycogen.
- B. increases the transport of glucose into a cell.
- C. stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because insulin plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Firstly, insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen by promoting the uptake of glucose into the liver and muscles for storage. Secondly, it increases the transport of glucose into cells, regulating blood sugar levels. Lastly, insulin also stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats by promoting the uptake of amino acids and fatty acids into cells. Therefore, all the statements in option D are correct based on the functions of insulin.
Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, and acidosis are:
- A. most apt to be caused by a deficiency of insulin.
- B. characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
- C. the consequences of a hormone-secreting tumor of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
- D. indicative of a deficiency of ADH.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct:
1. Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin to regulate glucose levels.
2. Glucosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, indicating excess blood sugar not being reabsorbed.
3. Polyuria is increased urine production due to osmotic diuresis from excess glucose in the urine.
4. Acidosis results from the breakdown of fats in the absence of sufficient glucose utilization.
5. All these symptoms align with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, where insulin deficiency leads to these metabolic disturbances.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to inadequate ADH, not hyperglycemia.
C: Hormone-secreting tumor of beta cells would lead to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia.
D: ADH deficiency would result in dilute urine and electrolyte imbalances
How do hormones and neurotransmitters interact?
- A. NONE OF THE ABOVE (They are both chemical messengers that can sometimes be chemically identical and both produce molecules that act on receptors)
- B. Hormones travel through the synaptic cleft while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- C. Hormones act on receptors while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- D. Both travel through the bloodstream to reach their target tissues.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters are both chemical messengers that can sometimes be chemically identical and produce molecules that act on receptors in target cells. This is correct as both hormones and neurotransmitters are signaling molecules that carry messages between cells.
Choice B is incorrect because hormones typically travel through the bloodstream to reach target tissues, while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft to transmit signals between neurons.
Choice C is incorrect because hormones also act on receptors in target cells, not just neurotransmitters. Both hormones and neurotransmitters can act on specific receptors to elicit a cellular response.
Choice D is incorrect because neurotransmitters primarily travel through the synaptic cleft to reach the target cell, while hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach their target tissues.
A nurse assesses a female client who presents with hirsutism. Which question would the nurse ask when assessing this client?
- A. How do you plan to pay for your treatments?
- B. How do you feel about yourself?
- C. What medications are you prescribed?
- D. What are you doing to prevent this from happening?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: How do you feel about yourself? This question is important because hirsutism, excessive hair growth in women, can have significant psychological implications affecting self-esteem and body image. By asking how the client feels about herself, the nurse can address emotional and mental health concerns related to hirsutism.
A: How do you plan to pay for your treatments? This question is not directly related to the client's emotional well-being and does not address the psychological impact of hirsutism.
C: What medications are you prescribed? This question focuses on the medical management of hirsutism but does not address the client's emotional response to the condition.
D: What are you doing to prevent this from happening? This question is more about preventive measures for hirsutism rather than addressing the client's feelings and self-perception.