Nokea
All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT
- A. adrenal glands.
- B. sweat glands.
- C. parathyroid glands.
- D. pineal gland.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: sweat glands. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting various organs and tissues. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are exocrine glands that release sweat through ducts onto the skin's surface to regulate body temperature. Adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline (A), parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the body (C), and the pineal gland produces melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles (D). Therefore, sweat glands do not fit the definition of an endocrine gland, making them the correct choice.
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Aldosterone:
- A. is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- B. functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
- C. stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium.
- D. All is applicable.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
2. It plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, specifically sodium and potassium levels.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
4. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice B (functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels): Aldosterone does not play a significant role in blood glucose regulation.
- Choice C (stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium): This statement is partially true, but aldosterone actually stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
- Choice D (All is applicable): While aldosterone has various functions, not all statements apply to its actions.
Which of the following hormones does the skin produce?
- A. erythropoietin
- B. melatonin
- C. renin
- D. cholecalciferol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cholecalciferol. The skin produces cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D, in response to sunlight exposure. This hormone plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Erythropoietin (A) is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production. Melatonin (B) is produced by the pineal gland to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Renin (C) is produced by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure. Therefore, the skin does not produce erythropoietin, melatonin, or renin, making them incorrect choices.
Mrs. Crane, an insulin-dependent diabetic, is scheduled for general surgery. The nurse's preoperative teaching should place special emphasis on
- A. pain medications available postoperatively
- B. coughing and deep breathing
- C. early ambulation
- D. adjusting insulin requirements
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Patients undergoing surgery need adjusted insulin dosages to maintain stable blood glucose levels during the perioperative period.
Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on plasma osmolality?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Vasopressin
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plasma osmolality is primarily regulated by the concentration of solutes in the blood. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), plays a key role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus affecting plasma osmolality. When plasma osmolality increases, vasopressin is released to increase water reabsorption, leading to a decrease in plasma osmolality. Progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone do not directly influence water reabsorption and therefore do not have as significant an impact on plasma osmolality as vasopressin.
Which of the following posterior pituitary hormones causes the kidney to decrease its excretion of urine?
- A. ADH
- B. ACTH
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH)
Rationale:
1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output.
2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume.
4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.