Nokea
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the
- A. olfactory epithelium
- B. medullary chemoreceptors
- C. aortic body
- D. carotid body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is responsible for detecting smells, not providing chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. Medullary chemoreceptors, aortic body, and carotid body are all involved in sensing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood, providing crucial input to regulate breathing. The olfactory epithelium is not directly involved in respiratory regulation, making it the exception in this context.
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An older adult is brought to the emergency department by a family member who reports a moderate change in mental status and mild cough. The client is afebrile. The primary health care provider orders a chest x-ray. The family member questions why this is needed since the symptoms seem so vague. What response by the nurse is best?
- A. Chest x-rays are always ordered when we suspect pneumonia.
- B. Older people often have vague symptoms, so an x-ray is essential.
- C. The x-ray can be done and read before laboratory work is reported.
- D. We are testing for any possible source of infection in the client.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because older adults often present with atypical or vague symptoms when they have an underlying infection, including pneumonia. It is crucial to assess for pneumonia in older adults promptly because they may not exhibit classic signs like fever. An x-ray is essential to confirm or rule out pneumonia as it allows for visualization of lung abnormalities.
Choice A is incorrect because not all older adults with vague symptoms automatically have pneumonia, and ordering a chest x-ray is based on clinical judgment. Choice C is incorrect as the timing of the x-ray in relation to laboratory work is not the primary reason for ordering it. Choice D is incorrect because the x-ray is specifically to assess for pneumonia, not for general infection sources.
The maximum volume of air contained in the lung by a full forced inhalation is called?
- A. vital capacity
- B. tidal volume
- C. Total lung capacity
- D. inspiratory capacity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Total lung capacity. This term refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation. It is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume. Vital capacity (A) is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs. Tidal volume (B) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, not the maximum volume. Inspiratory capacity (D) is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs.
Which of the following signs may be revealed in a client with tonsillar infection by a visual examination if group A streptococci is the cause?
- A. White patches on the tonsils
- B. Hemorrhage in the tonsils
- C. Hypertrophied tonsils
- D. Bleeding in the tonsils
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. White patches on the tonsils are characteristic of streptococcal infections, such as strep throat. B (hemorrhage) and D (bleeding) are not typical findings in streptococcal infections. C (hypertrophied tonsils) may occur but is not specific to group A streptococci.
Although carbon dioxide is normally carried by hemoglobin, the fact that carbon monoxide reduces hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying capacity would indicate that
- A. different hemoglobins carry different gases.
- B. carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin.
- C. binding of different gases is directed by a variety of enzymes.
- D. carbon dioxide is an abnormal gas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This is known as competitive inhibition. Other choices are incorrect because different hemoglobins do not carry different gases (A), binding of gases is not directed by enzymes in this context (C), and carbon dioxide is a normal gas in the body (D).
A nurse is suctioning fluids from a male client via a tracheostomy tube. When suctioning, the nurse must limit the suctioning time to a maximum of:
- A. 1 minute
- B. 5 seconds
- C. 10 seconds
- D. 30 second
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 10 seconds. Suctioning time for a tracheostomy tube should be limited to 10 seconds to prevent hypoxia and tissue damage. Prolonged suctioning can lead to decreased oxygenation and potential trauma to the airway. Choice A (1 minute) is too long and can cause harm. Choice B (5 seconds) is too short to effectively clear secretions. Choice D (30 seconds) exceeds the recommended time limit and can lead to complications. Therefore, limiting suctioning time to 10 seconds is the safest and most effective approach.