Nokea
All of the following statements about efficacy and potency are true EXCEPT:
- A. Efficacy is usually a more important clinical consideration than potency
- B. Efficacy is the maximum effect of a drug
- C. Potency is a comparative measure, refers to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same effect
- D. The ED50 is a measure of drug's efficacy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ED50 measures potency (dose for 50% effect), not efficacy (maximal effect).
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There is a narrow margin between first appearance of adverse reaction to AChE inhibitors and serious toxic effects. Adverse reactions that require immediate action include:
- A. Dizziness and headache
- B. Nausea
- C. Decreased salivation
- D. Fasciculations of voluntary muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fasciculations indicate potential cholinergic crisis, requiring urgent intervention.
What does the provider understand about the issue of 'Diabetic Renal Protection' with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) medications? Diabetes mellitus patients:
- A. Have a reduced rate of renal progression, but still need to be discontinued when advanced renal issues present
- B. Who start these medications never progress to renal nephropathy
- C. With early renal dysfunction will see it reverse when on ACE medications
- D. Without renal issues are the only ones who benefit from ACE protection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ACE inhibitors slow renal progression in diabetes but are stopped in advanced renal failure.
Samantha is taking lamotrigine (Lamictal) for her seizures and requests a prescription for combined oral contraceptives (COCs), which interact with lamotrigine and may cause:
- A. Contraceptive failure
- B. Excessive weight gain
- C. Reduced lamotrigine levels, requiring doubling the dose of lamotrigine
- D. Induction of estrogen metabolism, requiring higher estrogen content OCs be prescribed
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: COCs induce lamotrigine metabolism, lowering its levels and requiring dose adjustment.
The American Heart Association and the American Dietetic Association recommend a minimum daily fiber intake of for cardiovascular health:
- A. 10 mg/day
- B. 15 mg/day
- C. 20 mg/day
- D. 25 mg/day
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: 25 g/day of fiber is recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering cholesterol and improving glucose control.
The following relationship exist adrenal steroidal hormones, corticotropin and hypothalamic hormones.
- A. Short direct connection
- B. Long direct connection
- C. Short negative feedback
- D. Long negative feedback
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Adrenal steroids, corticotropin (ACTH), and hypothalamic CRH form a long negative feedback loop in the HPA axis.