Nokea
Food
Food and drink are necessary and desirable, but their
abuse can cause serious physical and metal problem.
Many physicians believe that overeating is one of the
country's main health problems, since it places a great
strain on the heart, can lead to diabetes, and often shortens
the individual's life span. To fill an emotional void. People
often turn to food when they are bored or lonely.
Another area of concern is alcohol consumption. The
results of alcohol abuse are widely publicized. The social
drinker who becomes alcoholic, the drunken driver's
contribution to highway death, spousal and child abuse,
are all concomitant problems associated with alcohol
abuse.
As used in the last sentence of this paragraph, the term 'concomitant' means?
- A. Accompanying
- B. Quiet
- C. Separate
- D. Unpredictable
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In this context, the term 'concomitant' means 'accompanying'. It refers to problems or issues that occur together with something else. The sentence discusses the problems associated with alcohol abuse, such as the social drinker becoming alcoholic, drunken drivers contributing to highway deaths, and spousal and child abuse. These issues are all connected or 'accompanying' problems of alcohol abuse, making choice A, 'Accompanying', the correct answer.
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Blood Pressure Regulators
The body comprises systems that have evolved and diversified to maintain essential functions and processes. One such system is the cardiovascular system, which includes critical regulators of blood pressure. The heart serves as the body’s pump, ensuring a steady flow of vital oxygen to all cells while facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products. Given that blood pressure varies at different points throughout the body, various components are necessary to regulate it effectively. Three primary components involved in blood pressure regulation are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Baroreceptors, which are stretch receptors made up of fine branching nerve endings, are located along the walls of arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body. When these baroreceptors detect stretching in the arterial walls, they send impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, leading to an increase or decrease in blood pressure. Chemoreceptors, found along the walls of the arteries, monitor changes in oxygen levels, carbon dioxide, and pH. For instance, a drop in oxygen levels triggers these receptors to send impulses that raise blood pressure. The kidneys also play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation by absorbing salts and water while eliminating waste. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex influence the kidneys to retain or excrete salt and water, thereby affecting blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.
In the context provided, what does the term 'evolved' mean?
- A. To spread
- B. To gradually develop
- C. To revolve
- D. To shift
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To gradually develop.' In the context provided, 'evolved' refers to the gradual development and diversification of systems within the body to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. Evolution implies a process of advancement and adaptation over time, aligning with the concept of gradual development.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.
Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis?
- A. Oxygen
- B. Sugar
- C. Nitrogen
- D. ATP
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Nitrogen.' During photosynthesis, oxygen, sugar, and ATP are all products of the process. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere, sugar is the main product used by the plant for energy and growth, and ATP is a form of stored chemical energy. However, nitrogen is not a direct product of photosynthesis. The process primarily involves the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen, with nitrogen not being part of the immediate products.
Electrocardiogram The rhythmic sounds of "beep... beep... beep..." signify the measurement of the heart muscle's strength. This rhythmic signal varies from person to person and is recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG). Within the body, a complex array of systemic neural responses generates electric currents that can be detected on the skin's surface. When a person is connected to an amplifier, these impulses are captured by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information gathered pertains to the heart, as it emits electric currents in waves. This "wave of excitation" propagates through the heart wall and is associated with electrical changes. The process occurs in three distinct phases. First, the "wave of excitation," accompanied by an electrical change, lasts for about 1 to 2 seconds following the contraction of the cardiac muscle. These electrical impulses are rhythmically discharged from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, signaling the atrium to contract. The peak of the ECG reading is attributed to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which triggers the excitation of the ventricles. Finally, as the ventricles relax, any changes in the wave pattern can alert trained medical personnel to potential abnormalities within the heart.
What is the meaning of the word 'emitting' as it is used in the second paragraph?
- A. Repelling
- B. Releasing
- C. Closing
- D. Charging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The word 'emitting' in the context of the second paragraph refers to the action of releasing electric currents. The passage
explains how electric currents are emitted in the body and can be detected on the body's surface. Therefore, the correct answer is 'B: Releasing,' as it accurately reflects the process of electric currents being emitted or released.
Isaac Asimov: Isaac Asimov (1920 - 1992) was a very prolific writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Most of Asimov's popularized science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.
Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers during his lifetime. He also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as a great amount of nonfiction. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.
Asimov was afraid of flying, so he seldom traveled great distances, partly because his aversion to flying complicated the logistics of long-distance travel. He did enjoy traveling on cruise ships, and on several occasions he became part of the cruise's entertainment, giving science-themed talks. Asimov was an able public speaker, and enjoyed speaking to groups, especially at science fiction conventions.
Who were the 'Big Three' mentioned in the article?
- A. Asimov, Heinlein, Clarke.
- B. Asimov, French, Clarke.
- C. Heinlein, Clarke, French.
- D. Asimov, Heinlein, French.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Asimov, Heinlein, Clarke. In the text, it is stated that Asimov, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, were considered the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers during his lifetime. This means that these three authors were widely recognized as the leading figures in the science-fiction genre at that time.
Choice B is incorrect because Paul French is mentioned as Asimov's pen name for the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels, not as one of the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers.
Choice C is incorrect because although it includes Heinlein and Clarke, it adds French instead of Asimov, who is a part of the 'Big Three'.
Choice D is incorrect because it includes Asimov and Heinlein, but instead of Clarke, it includes French, who is not part of the 'Big Three' as indicated in the text.
Therefore, based on the information provided in the
Have you ever found yourself staring at the ceiling at 2:00 a.m.? Have you kicked the blankets off to the floor from tossing and turning? Many longtime suffers of Insomnia know these situations all too well. As many as 17% of Americans find the restful break of sleep hard to achieve.
Lack of sleep affects intellectual abilities at work or school by causing a deficit in memory, attention, and concentration which in turn creates a feeling of irritation or depression. Chronic insomnia can result from a medical illness, a psychiatric condition, or from sleep apnea, a condition where an individual actually stops breathing during sleep. Sleep hygiene, developing good sleep habits, and non- pharmacological therapies such as herbs and spices are some solutions to Insomnia.
What is a solution to insomnia?
- A. Developing good sleep habits and using herbs and spices.
- B. Increasing caffeine intake.
- C. Watching television before bed.
- D. Taking frequent naps during the day.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Developing good sleep habits, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and ensuring a comfortable sleep environment, along with using herbs and spices like chamomile or lavender, can help in managing insomnia. These strategies promote better sleep quality, aid in falling asleep faster, and staying asleep longer by relaxing the mind and body before sleep.