Nokea
Choose the best definition for effector T cells. They are cells that
- A. Have never seen their specific antigen
- B. Have just seen their specific antigen and start to proliferate
- C. Have been energized
- D. Have been activated, expanded and are able to kill or help other cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Effector T cells are fully activated, expanded, and capable of carrying out their functions, such as killing infected cells or assisting in immune responses. The correct choice (D) accurately describes the characteristics of effector T cells. They are not naïve cells (A), as they have encountered their specific antigen. They are not just starting to proliferate (B), as they have already undergone extensive proliferation. They have not only been energized (C), but have also completed the necessary steps for full activation and functionality.
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with anaphylaxis?
- A. Sudden drop in blood pressure
- B. Massive edema
- C. Severe bronchoconstriction
- D. T cell apoptosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: T cell apoptosis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that involves a rapid immune response. T cell apoptosis is not a typical symptom of anaphylaxis.
Rationale:
1. A: Sudden drop in blood pressure is associated with anaphylaxis due to systemic vasodilation.
2. B: Massive edema is common in anaphylaxis due to increased vascular permeability.
3. C: Severe bronchoconstriction is a hallmark of anaphylaxis, leading to respiratory distress.
4. D: T cell apoptosis is not a characteristic feature of anaphylaxis. T cells play a role in adaptive immunity, not the immediate hypersensitivity reaction seen in anaphylaxis.
Summary:
T cell apoptosis is not typically associated with anaphylaxis, unlike the other symptoms listed which are common manifestations of this severe allergic reaction.
Which patient is at the greatest risk for developing pressure ulcers?
- A. A 42-year-old obese woman with type 2 diabetes
- B. A 78-year-old man who is confused and malnourished
- C. A 30-year-old man who is comatose following a head injury
- D. A 65-year-old woman who has urge and stress incontinence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Comatose patients are at significant risk for pressure ulcers due to prolonged immobility, impaired sensation, and compromised circulation.
The current Influenza vaccine includes
- A. 3 type A strains
- B. A combination of one H1N1, one H5N1 and a B strain
- C. Only 2009 H1N1
- D. Only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The current Influenza vaccine is designed to provide protection against multiple strains to increase effectiveness.
Step 2: Option B includes a combination of different strains (H1N1, H5N1, and B), covering a broader spectrum of the virus.
Step 3: Including different strains helps to address potential mutations and variations in circulating viruses.
Step 4: Option B is the most comprehensive choice compared to others, offering a more robust protection against various strains.
Summary: Option A is too limited with only 3 type A strains, while option C focuses only on 2009 H1N1 strain. Option D is also limited to only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain. Option B stands out as the correct choice for its broad coverage of different strains.
The nurse provides care to older adults. What should the nurse recognize as being more likely to occur in an older adult than in a younger adult?
- A. High fevers
- B. Fewer infections
- C. More autoimmune disorders
- D. Greater antibody production
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: More autoimmune disorders. As individuals age, the immune system weakens, leading to an increased risk of autoimmune disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. This is more likely in older adults compared to younger adults. High fevers (choice A) are not more likely in older adults, as fever response tends to decrease with age. Fewer infections (choice B) are also less likely in older adults due to a weakened immune response. Greater antibody production (choice D) is not a characteristic of aging, as antibody production may decline with age.
In order to grow, all microorganisms require:
- A. liquid water
- B. organic substances
- C. oxygen
- D. warm temperatures
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: liquid water. Water is essential for all cellular functions, including metabolism and nutrient transport. Without water, microorganisms cannot grow or survive. Organic substances (choice B) are important as a nutrient source, but water is indispensable for growth. While oxygen (choice C) and warm temperatures (choice D) can enhance growth for some microorganisms, they are not universally required for all microorganisms to grow.