Nokea
Clavulanic acid is combined with amoxicillin because:
- A. It inhibits beta lactamases that destroy amoxicillin
- B. It prevents renal excretion of amoxicillin
- C. It destroy bacteria that are not destroyed by amoxicillin
- D. It counteracts the adverse effects of amoxicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor that protects amoxicillin from being destroyed by beta-lactamases produced by certain bacteria. This allows amoxicillin to effectively kill the bacteria. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clavulanic acid does not affect renal excretion, directly destroy bacteria, or counteract adverse effects of amoxicillin.
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A patient with HIV-AIDS being treated with combined antiviral drugs and immunosuppressive agents, develops an opportunistic infection caused by Pneumocystis carinii. Which of the following drugs most likely be used in the treatment of pulmonary infection caused by P. carinii?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Carbenicillin
- C. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
- D. Penicillin G
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. This combination is the first-line treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV-AIDS due to its efficacy against the organism. Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, while sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, both essential enzymes for folate synthesis in bacteria and protozoa like P. carinii. Metronidazole (A) is used for anaerobic infections, Carbenicillin (B) is a penicillinase-resistant penicillin used for Gram-negative infections, and Penicillin G (D) is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic mainly used for Gram-positive infections.
A nurse is caring for a patient with impaired renal which the nurse should monitor the patient?
- A. Accumulation of wastes
- B. The nurse should facilitate collection of what
- C. Retention of potassium
- D. Depletion of calcium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because impaired renal function can lead to the accumulation of wastes in the body, causing toxicity. Monitoring this is crucial for the patient's overall health. Choice B is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the consequences of impaired renal function. Choice C, retention of potassium, is also incorrect as it is a specific outcome of impaired renal function and not the primary focus of monitoring. Choice D, depletion of calcium, is incorrect as impaired renal function is more likely to lead to hypercalcemia rather than hypocalcemia. Therefore, the nurse should prioritize monitoring the accumulation of wastes in a patient with impaired renal function.
The following drug is used for oral treatment of trichomonas vaginitis:
- A. Diiodohydroxyquin
- B. Tinidazole
- C. Clotrimazole
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Tinidazole, for oral treatment of trichomonas vaginitis. Tinidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic that is effective against trichomonas. It has good oral bioavailability and is commonly used for this infection. Diiodohydroxyquin (A) is not indicated for trichomonas vaginitis. Clotrimazole (C) and Ketoconazole (D) are antifungal agents used for yeast infections, not trichomonas. Tinidazole is the most appropriate choice due to its effectiveness against trichomonas and its oral administration route.
The antiviral action of amantadine is exerted through: *
- A. Inhibition of viral protease enzyme
- B. Inhibition of viral RNA mediated DNA synthesis
- C. Interaction with the viral M2 protein
- D. Interaction with a virus directed thymidine kinase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Interaction with the viral M2 protein. Amantadine blocks the M2 ion channel of the influenza A virus, preventing the release of viral RNA into the host cell. This inhibits the viral replication process. Option A is incorrect as amantadine does not target viral protease enzymes. Option B is incorrect as amantadine does not inhibit viral RNA-mediated DNA synthesis, which is a process specific to retroviruses. Option D is incorrect as amantadine does not interact with virus-directed thymidine kinase, which is involved in the activation of certain antiviral medications.
Cloxacillin is indicated in infections caused by the following organism(s):
- A. Staphylococci
- B. Streptococci
- C. Gonococci
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cloxacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic effective against Staphylococci. Staphylococci commonly cause skin and soft tissue infections. Streptococci are not typically treated with cloxacillin. Gonococci are not susceptible to cloxacillin. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as it is the only organism listed that is indicated for treatment with cloxacillin.