Nokea
Colostrum, the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to impart immunity to the newborn infants because it contains:
- A. Natural killer cells
- B. Monocytes
- C. Macrophages
- D. Immunoglobulin A
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Immunoglobulin A. Colostrum contains high levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is crucial for imparting passive immunity to the newborn. IgA helps protect the infant's mucosal surfaces from infections. Natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages are not typically found in colostrum and are not responsible for conferring immunity to the newborn.
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The reason for naming the closed circulatory systems
- A. Carries blood in opens vessels
- B. Moves blood through the veins and arteries
- C. Blood stays confined to vessels
- D. Returns blood to the heart
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a closed circulatory system means that blood stays confined to vessels, providing efficient transport and preventing blood loss. Option A is incorrect because a closed system does not have open vessels. Option B is incorrect because veins and arteries are part of both closed and open circulatory systems. Option D is incorrect because returning blood to the heart is a function of both closed and open circulatory systems.
All of the following are true EXCEPT
- A. An epitope is a small portion of a macromolecule
- B. the variable region domains contain the antigen recognition site
- C. an antigenic determinant is a paratope
- D. The class of an immunoglobulin is determined by its heavy chain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because an antigenic determinant is not a paratope, but an epitope. Epitope is a small portion of a macromolecule that is recognized by antibodies. Variable region domains of antibodies contain the antigen recognition site. The class of an immunoglobulin is indeed determined by its heavy chain. Therefore, C is the only statement that is not true.
Which group(s) of fungi do not generally produce sexual reproductive structures and are also sometimes known as imperfect fungi?
- A. Ascomycotina
- B. Oomycetes
- C. Zygomycotina
- D. Hyphochridiomycetes
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but the correct answer is not provided in the choices given (A, B, C, D). Can you please provide the correct answer so that I can help you with the detailed explanation and summary of why the correct answer is correct and the others are incorrect?
What are characteristics of the phosphate buffer system (select all that apply)?
- A. Neutralizes a strong base to a weak base and water
- B. Resultant sodium biphosphate is eliminated by kidneys
- C. Free acid radicals dissociate into H+ and CO2,buffering excess base
- D. Neutralizes a strong acid to yield sodium biphosphate,a weak acid and salt
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phosphate buffers neutralize strong bases/acid, form sodium biphosphate, and eliminate it through the kidneys.
Why don't we have a successful HIV vaccine?
- A. The high mutation rate of HIV interferes with the generation of a protective memory response
- B. Because it is difficult to induce mucosal immunity that would block the sexual transmission of the virus
- C. Because HIV targets immune cells
- D. All of the above represent challenges for the creation of an effective HIV vaccine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the statements in choices A, B, and C are valid reasons why we don't have a successful HIV vaccine.
A: HIV has a high mutation rate, making it challenging to generate a protective memory response.
B: Inducing mucosal immunity is difficult to block sexual transmission, a common route of HIV infection.
C: HIV targets immune cells, which hinders the immune system's ability to mount an effective response.
Therefore, all these factors combined pose significant challenges for creating an effective HIV vaccine.