Nokea
Cushing syndrome and Addison’s disease are:
- A. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypofunction.
- B. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypersecretion.
- C. treated with replacement doses of cortisol (i.e., prednisone).
- D. disorders of the adrenal cortex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Cushing syndrome and Addison's disease are disorders of the adrenal cortex. Cushing syndrome involves excessive cortisol production, while Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient cortisol production. Both conditions directly affect the adrenal cortex, leading to hormonal imbalances.
Choice A is incorrect because Cushing syndrome involves hyperfunction, not hypofunction. Choice B is incorrect as it states hypersecretion, which is true for Cushing syndrome but not for Addison's disease. Choice C is incorrect because while replacement cortisol therapy is used for Addison's disease, it is not the only treatment option, and it does not apply to Cushing syndrome.
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Which of the following statements regarding hormones is incorrect?
- A. Hormones and neurotransmitters require a synapse in order to communicate information to other cells and tissues.
- B. Only cells that have receptors to a certain hormone may be affected by that hormone.
- C. Hormones can cause target cells to alter patterns of gene expression, producing proteins in different quantities
- D. G proteins and cAMP are second messengers that serve to enhance or amplify the hormonal effect.
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters do not require a synapse to communicate with other cells. Hormones are typically released into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, communicate across synapses between nerve cells. Choice B is correct as hormones only affect cells with specific receptors. Choice C is correct as hormones can indeed influence gene expression in target cells. Choice D is correct as G proteins and cAMP are common second messengers that help transmit the hormonal signal within the cell.
Hormones can be put into two categories based on chemical makeup. What are these categories?
- A. glands and cortex
- B. proteins and carbohydrates
- C. peptides (proteins) and steroids
- D. endocrine and ectocrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peptides (proteins) and steroids. Peptides and steroids are the two main categories of hormones based on their chemical makeup. Peptides are made up of amino acids and include proteins, while steroids are derived from cholesterol. This classification is essential because it determines how hormones are synthesized and how they interact with target cells. Glands and cortex (option A) do not represent the chemical makeup of hormones, proteins and carbohydrates (option B) are broad categories that do not specifically address hormone types, and endocrine and ectocrine (option D) refer to different types of glands, not the chemical composition of hormones.
You are caring for a diabetic patient who is developing DKA. Which delegated task is most appropriate?
- A. Ask the unit clerk to page the physician to come to the unit.
- B. Ask the LPN/LVN to administer IV insulin according to the sliding scale.
- C. Ask the nursing assistant to check the patient's level of consciousness.
- D. Ask the nursing assistant to get the patient a cup of orange juice.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Checking the patient's level of consciousness is a crucial assessment for a patient developing DKA, and this task can be delegated to the nursing assistant.
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________.
- A. synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens
- B. production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
- C. secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH
- D. hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because during late puberty, the production of sex hormones by the gonads significantly outweighs the production of gonadocorticoids by the adrenal gland. This is due to the maturation and increased activity of the gonads during this developmental stage.
Rationale:
A: Synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily catecholamines, not androgens.
C: Secretion inhibition of gonadocorticoids is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not solely by a negative feedback loop involving ACTH.
D: Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome, not adrenogenital syndrome or feminization.
Organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases exert their lethal effects by:
- A. Blocking alpha and β-adrenergic receptors
- B. Blocking all muscarinic receptors on target cells
- C. Blocking nicotinic receptors in the brain
- D. Inhibiting acetylcholine metabolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases inhibit acetylcholine metabolism by irreversibly binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses. This results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing symptoms of cholinergic toxicity.
Choice A is incorrect because alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors are not the targets of organophosphates. Choice B is incorrect because organophosphates do not block all muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because organophosphates do not specifically target nicotinic receptors in the brain.