Nokea
Define in your own words the term 'risk factor'.
- A. A characteristic or exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a disease.
- B. A factor that decreases disease risk.
- C. A protective measure against illness.
- D. A statistical anomaly in health data.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure that increases the probability of an individual developing a disease or health condition.
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Which of the following is the strength of Case control study?
- A. rare disease
- B. bias can be minimized
- C. temporal relationship can be established
- D. relative risk can be calculated
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Case-control studies are particularly useful for studying rare diseases.
Surgeons at hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a 1-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. At hospital B, the surgeons report a 1-year mortality rate of 8% after the same procedure. Before concluding that the surgeons at hospital B had vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounding factors would you examine?
- A. The severity(stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline.
- B. The start of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals(after operation versus after discharge).
- C. Differences in postoperative care at the two hospitals.
- D. Equality of follow-up for mortality.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed factors (a-d) could contribute to differences in mortality rates, making 'all of the above' the most comprehensive answer. Since we shift 'E' options to 'D', D is correct.
What is likely to be the best routinely available data source for each of the following kinds of studies?
- A. Hospital discharge survey
- B. Cancer registries
- C. National Health Survey
- D. Disease registries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cancer registries are dedicated to collecting data on cancer incidence and outcomes, offering the most precise information on cancer morbidity.
Define the following terms: Intervention study
- A. A study where researchers observe natural behaviors.
- B. A study where researchers manipulate variables to assess impact.
- C. A study analyzing past records.
- D. A study based solely on surveys.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intervention studies involve deliberate manipulation of variables by researchers.
The nature of common source epidemic:
- A. scattered effect
- B. explosive
- C. more prevalence rate
- D. all of above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Common-source epidemics are characterized by a rapid increase in cases, hence explosive.