Nokea
Define the following terms: environmental epidemiology
- A. The study of disease patterns in populations.
- B. The study of chemical reactions in the environment.
- C. The study of genetic inheritance patterns.
- D. The study of physical activity and health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Environmental epidemiology focuses on identifying and measuring exposures to environmental hazards and their health effects.
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You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease, and your data suggest a protective effect. While presenting your findings, a colleague asks whether you have thought about confounders, such as factor X. Under which of the following conditions could this factor have confounded your interpretation of the data?
- A. It is a risk factor for some other disease, but not heart disease.
- B. It is a risk factor associated with the physical activity measure and heart disease.
- C. It is part of the causal pathway by which physical activity affects heart disease.
- D. It has caused a lack of follow-up of test subjects.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A confounder must be associated with both the exposure (physical activity) and the outcome (heart disease), and it should not lie on the causal pathway between them.
The "Gauli Bridge disaster" is related to
- A. RTA
- B. Silicosis
- C. Nuclear Accident
- D. Asbestosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Gauli Bridge disaster refers to a road traffic accident (RTA) that occurred in Nepal.
The impact of an exposure on a population does not depend upon:
- A. the strength of the association between exposure and disease.
- B. the prevalence of the exposure.
- C. the case fatality rate.
- D. the overall incidence rate of disease in the population.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The case fatality rate refers to the proportion of individuals with a disease who die from it. While important, it does not directly determine the impact of an exposure on a population. The impact depends more on prevalence, incidence, and strength of association.
Define the following terms: Quasi-experimental study
- A. A study design involving random assignment of participants.
- B. A study using naturally occurring groups without randomization.
- C. A controlled trial with blinding.
- D. A study focusing on individual-level outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Quasi-experimental studies do not involve random assignment, often using existing groups.
Very simple probability is:
- A. conditional probability
- B. marginal probability
- C. binomial probability
- D. both(b)&(c)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Marginal probability is a basic form of probability focusing on individual events.