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Describe the significance for epidemiology of the use of natural experiments.
- A. Natural experiments allow for randomized controlled trials.
- B. Natural experiments eliminate the need for data collection.
- C. Natural experiments provide real-world data without artificial manipulation.
- D. Natural experiments are only used in laboratory settings.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natural experiments study real-world conditions, providing valuable insights into disease causation and prevention.
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Do vital statistics become surveillance data when analyzed and disseminated?
- A. True.
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vital statistics become surveillance data once they are analyzed, interpreted, and used to influence public health decisions.
List examples of metallic compounds that pose environmental hazards. What are some examples of health effects thought to be associated with arsenic, mercury, and lead?
- A. Arsenic: cancer; Mercury: neurotoxicity; Lead: developmental delays.
- B. Arsenic: improved digestion; Mercury: enhanced memory; Lead: stronger bones.
- C. Arsenic: weight loss; Mercury: better vision; Lead: faster reflexes.
- D. Arsenic: increased stamina; Mercury: clearer speech; Lead: heightened focus.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Arsenic is carcinogenic, mercury causes neurotoxicity, and lead impairs cognitive development, particularly in children.
Is underreporting a problem for detecting outbreaks of notifiable diseases?
- A. True.
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Underreporting can mask true outbreak sizes, hindering effective response.
Define the following terms: Quasi-experimental study
- A. A study design involving random assignment of participants.
- B. A study using naturally occurring groups without randomization.
- C. A controlled trial with blinding.
- D. A study focusing on individual-level outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Quasi-experimental studies do not involve random assignment, often using existing groups.
Define the following terms: environmental epidemiology
- A. The study of disease patterns in populations.
- B. The study of chemical reactions in the environment.
- C. The study of genetic inheritance patterns.
- D. The study of physical activity and health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Environmental epidemiology focuses on identifying and measuring exposures to environmental hazards and their health effects.