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Diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the microvasculature and macrovasculature. Question: The microvasculature is involved in which of the following disorders?
- A. Nephropathy
- B. Retinopathy
- C. Polyneuropathy
- D. All answers are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Diabetes' micro hits kidneys, eyes, nerves all bleed small, no dodge. Nurses track this, a chronic tiny vessel trio.
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A client diagnosed with stable angina is complaining of substernal chest pain, rating the pain 5 out of 10. What would be the priority action by the nurse?
- A. Administer the client's prescribed beta-blocker
- B. Administer nitroglycerin intravenously immediately
- C. Administer morphine
- D. Administer 325 mg of chewable aspirin immediately
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stable angina's oxygen pinch 5/10 pain bows to aspirin's antiplatelet punch, cutting clot risk fast, a priority over beta-blockers' slow rate drop. IV nitroglycerin's for MI, morphine's overkill, aspirin's chewed for quick absorption. Nurses hit this, easing ischemia, a front-line move in this chest squeeze.
Which of the following patients would probably not benefit from a >5-10% weight loss?
- A. A 28-year-old female with BMI 37 kg/m² and oligomenorrhea but planning for fertility in the future
- B. A 40-year-old man with BMI 26 kg/m², who has a strong family history of diabetes, recently diagnosed with prediabetes
- C. A 21-year-old man with BMI 42 kg/m² with no known medical problems and a family history of T2DM
- D. A 70-year-old female, BMI 26 kg/m², with well-controlled T2DM on two oral anti-diabetic medications and osteoporosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 5-10% weight loss benefits most with obesity-related conditions improving fertility (BMI 37), prediabetes (BMI 26), or T2DM risk (BMI 42). The 70-year-old with BMI 26, well-controlled T2DM, and osteoporosis may not benefit significantly; weight loss could worsen bone density, and her diabetes is managed, reducing urgency. Her age and comorbidities shift focus to stability, not weight reduction, guiding physicians in chronic care prioritization.
A patient with metastatic cancer of the colon experiences severe vomiting after each administration of chemotherapy. Which action, if taken by the nurse, is appropriate?
- A. Have the patient eat large meals when nausea is not present.
- B. Offer dry crackers and carbonated fluids during chemotherapy.
- C. Administer prescribed antiemetics 1 hour before the treatments.
- D. Give the patient a glass of a citrus fruit beverage during treatments.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chemo vomiting's a beast pre-dosing antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron) an hour before blocks the gut-brain puke loop, the gold standard. Big meals overload; crackers and soda or citrus during treatment spark nausea acidity and fizz don't help. Nurses in oncology time this right prevention trumps mopping up, keeping patients steady.
Which is FALSE regarding PCP pneumonia in AIDS?
- A. it is usually only seen when the CD4 count <200
- B. prophylaxis should be given in all pts with CD4 count <200
- C. CXR characteristically shows bilateral diffuse infiltrates
- D. Once a patient has had it they are unlikely to get it again
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: PCP relapse haunts AIDS CD4 <200 stays vulnerable, not a one-off. Prophylaxis holds below 200, CXR's diffuse or blank 20%, all true. Nurses know this chronic lung leech bites again sans lifelong guard.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT concerning gestational diabetes?
- A. Most commonly developed in the first trimester of pregnancy
- B. Affects 8% of pregnant women
- C. Maternal blood glucose levels will return to normal shortly after birth
- D. There is a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes by the mother within 20 years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gestational diabetes hits late second or third trimester, not first insulin resistance peaks then, a pregnancy twist. Eight percent's close, glucose norms post-birth, type 2 risk looms 20 years fits. Nurses catch this timing, a chronic precursor's true window.