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Discuss the possible health effects that have been associated with exposure to electric and magnetic fields and ionizing radiation.
- A. EMF: unclear evidence; Ionizing: cancer risk.
- B. EMF: immediate death; Ionizing: no known risks.
- C. EMF: improved sleep; Ionizing: enhanced mood.
- D. EMF: faster metabolism; Ionizing: increased energy.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Evidence linking EMFs to health effects is inconclusive, while ionizing radiation is a well-established carcinogen.
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Describe the significance for epidemiology of the identification of specific agents of disease.
- A. It allows for targeted treatments.
- B. It proves that all diseases are infectious.
- C. It eliminates the need for surveillance.
- D. It focuses solely on chronic diseases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Identifying specific agents enables effective prevention, control, and treatment strategies.
Which of the following is the strength of Case control study?
- A. rare disease
- B. bias can be minimized
- C. temporal relationship can be established
- D. relative risk can be calculated
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Case-control studies are particularly useful for studying rare diseases.
In supervision the most appropriate word is
- A. Enforcement
- B. Reinforcement
- C. Suggestion
- D. Inspection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Supervision involves providing constructive suggestions and guidance.
The denominator to calculate literacy rate is
- A. Population above 14 years
- B. Total population
- C. Population above 7 years of age
- D. Population above 10 years of age
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Literacy rate is calculated using the population above 7 years of age, as this is the standard age group considered for educational attainment.
First step of epidemic investigation?
- A. Preparing case definition
- B. Mapping the epidemic
- C. Confirmation
- D. Searching for the cases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The first step in investigating an epidemic is to confirm the existence of the outbreak through verification of cases.