Nokea
During an examination of an aging man, the nurse recognizes that normal changes to expect would be:
- A. Change in scrotal color.
- B. Decrease in the size of the penis.
- C. Enlargement of the testes and scrotum.
- D. Increase in the number of rugae over the scrotal sa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. As men age, there is a decrease in testosterone levels leading to shrinkage of the testes and penis.
2. Decrease in penile size is a normal age-related change due to reduced blood flow.
3. Option A is incorrect as scrotal color usually remains unchanged.
4. Option C is incorrect as testes and scrotum tend to shrink rather than enlarge.
5. Option D is incorrect as rugae decrease with age due to decreased elasticity.
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If necessary, your physician can increase your dose up to 40 mg per day.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Maybe
- D. Not mentioned
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The statement indicates the possibility of increasing the dose up to 40 mg, implying that it is within the physician's discretion.
Step 2: The use of the word "can" suggests the potential for the physician to make such an adjustment.
Step 3: The phrase "if necessary" implies that the dose adjustment will be based on the individual's specific needs.
Step 4: Therefore, it is true that the physician has the authority to increase the dose up to 40 mg per day based on the patient's condition and requirements.
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is:
- A. glomerulonephritis.
- B. polycystic kidney diseas
- D. renal failur
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: renal failure. Renal failure refers to the kidneys' inability to adequately excrete waste products and maintain electrolyte balance, leading to disruption of homeostasis. Glomerulonephritis (A) is inflammation of the glomeruli, not necessarily resulting in inadequate excretion. Polycystic kidney disease (B) is a genetic disorder causing cysts in the kidneys, but it doesn't directly relate to excretory function. Choice C is incomplete.
Which of the following antifungal agent act as fungicidal by inhibiting the * synthesis of β1,3 glucan used for the disseminated mucocutaneous Candida infections?
- A. Caspofungin
- B. Amphoterecin B
- C. Flucytosine
- D. Ketoconazole resistance rapidly?:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
Caspofungin is a echinocandin antifungal that inhibits the synthesis of β1,3 glucan in the fungal cell wall, leading to cell death. This mechanism makes it fungicidal against Candida infections. Amphotericin B disrupts fungal cell membranes, while Flucytosine interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis. Ketoconazole inhibits ergosterol synthesis. Therefore, A is correct as it targets the specific mechanism for Candida infections.
Which laboratory result is of most concern for a patient with cystitis?
- A. Serum WBC 9000/mm?
- B. Urinalysis with 1-2 WBCs present
- C. Urine bacteria 100,000 colonies/mL
- D. Serum hematocrit 36%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a urine bacteria count of 100,000 colonies/mL indicates a significant bacterial infection, which is concerning for cystitis. This result suggests an active infection in the urinary tract, requiring prompt treatment.
A: Serum WBC of 9000/mm³ is within the normal range and may not necessarily indicate an active infection.
B: Urinalysis with 1-2 WBCs present is also within the normal range and may not be indicative of an acute infection.
D: Serum hematocrit of 36% is a measure of the proportion of red blood cells in the blood and is not directly related to cystitis.
Which of the following drug should be used only as clinical curative but not as prophylactic in malaria?:
- A. Pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine
- B. Proguanil
- C. Primaquine
- D. Mefloquine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Primaquine. Primaquine is used for clinical curative treatment of malaria, particularly for the eradication of hypnozoites in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections. It is not used as a prophylactic drug due to its potential side effects, such as hemolysis in individuals with G6PD deficiency.
Choice A (Pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine) is a combination used for both treatment and prophylaxis.
Choice B (Proguanil) is used for prophylaxis and treatment.
Choice D (Mefloquine) is used for both prophylaxis and treatment of malaria.