Nokea
During the healing phase of inflammation, which cells would be mostly likely to regenerate?
- A. Skin
- B. Neurons
- C. Cardiac muscle
- D. Skeletal muscle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Skin cells are highly regenerative due to their rapid turnover rate and presence of stem cells. In contrast, neurons, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle have limited regenerative capacity.
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A nurse is teaching the client with systemic lupus erythematosus about prednisone. What information is the priority?
- A. Might make the client feel jittery or nervous.
- B. Can cause sodium and fluid retention.
- C. Long-term effects include fat redistribution.
- D. Never stop prednisone abruptly.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because abruptly stopping prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the body's natural cortisol production. Adrenal insufficiency can be life-threatening. Priority is given to this information to ensure the client's safety. Choice A is incorrect as jitteriness or nervousness are common side effects but not the priority. Choice B is incorrect as sodium and fluid retention are potential side effects but not as critical as avoiding adrenal insufficiency. Choice C is incorrect as fat redistribution is a long-term effect but not as immediate as the risk of adrenal insufficiency.
Which of the following is NOT true about a potential vaccine that induces a strong cytotoxic T cell response to influenza virus but failed to induce neutralizing antibodies:
- A. It would not prevent actual infection
- B. It would lessen the severity of disease
- C. It may be more cross-protective against different variants of influenza virus
- D. It would result in failure to clear the virus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a strong cytotoxic T cell response can still effectively clear the virus even without neutralizing antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells, helping to control and eliminate the virus. Therefore, the vaccine would not result in failure to clear the virus.
A) Incorrect: While the vaccine may not prevent infection, the presence of cytotoxic T cells would help in controlling and reducing the severity of the infection.
B) Incorrect: The vaccine may indeed lessen the severity of the disease by aiding in the clearance of infected cells.
C) Incorrect: A strong T cell response can provide broader protection against different variants of the virus.
What is the main function of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?
- A. Recruitment of neutrophils
- B. Phagocytosis activation
- C. Lysis of pathogens
- D. Enhancing cytokine production
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The main function of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is to lyse pathogens by creating pores in their cell membranes. First, MAC assembles on the pathogen's surface. Then, it forms a pore, disrupting the pathogen's membrane integrity, leading to cell lysis. This mechanism is crucial for the immune system to effectively eliminate pathogens.
Choice A (Recruitment of neutrophils) is incorrect because MAC is not involved in recruiting neutrophils. Neutrophil recruitment is typically mediated by other signaling molecules.
Choice B (Phagocytosis activation) is incorrect as MAC does not directly activate phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is a separate process involving the engulfment of pathogens by immune cells.
Choice D (Enhancing cytokine production) is incorrect because MAC does not directly enhance cytokine production. Cytokine production is mainly regulated by other immune cells and signaling pathways.
Which enzyme catalyzes the following reaction? Gap 5' - G G-A-T-C-C—3' ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ 3' - C-C-T-A-G G—5' Gap 5' - G-G-A-T-C-C—3' ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ 3' - C-C-T-A-G-G—5'
- A. DNA ligase
- B. DNA endonuclease
- C. None of the options are correct
- D. DNA polymerase 1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: DNA ligase. DNA ligase catalyzes the joining of two DNA strands by forming a phosphodiester bond between the 3' hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of another. In the given reaction, the enzyme is needed to seal the nick in the DNA strands after the Okazaki fragments have been synthesized during DNA replication.
Explanation of other choices:
B: DNA endonuclease - Endonucleases cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain, not join two DNA strands.
C: None of the options are correct - This is incorrect as DNA ligase is the correct enzyme for this reaction.
D: DNA polymerase 1 - DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing chain, not joining two DNA strands.
A nurse caring for clients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) plans care understanding the most common causes of death for these clients is which of the following? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Infection
- B. Cardiovascular impairment
- C. Vasculitis
- D. Chronic kidney disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vasculitis. Vasculitis is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and can lead to serious organ damage and even death. In SLE, inflammation affects blood vessels, leading to vasculitis which can cause tissue damage and impaired blood flow. While infections, cardiovascular impairment, and chronic kidney disease are also common causes of mortality in SLE patients, vasculitis is specifically associated with the disease and its complications. Infections can occur due to the immune system's weakened response, cardiovascular issues can arise from inflammation and damage to the heart and blood vessels, and chronic kidney disease can develop due to immune complex deposition in the kidneys. However, vasculitis is the most directly linked cause of death in SLE patients due to its impact on multiple organ systems.