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Which disease is an example of Type V hypersensitivity?
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Grave's disease
- C. Rheumatoid arthritis
- D. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Grave's disease, for Type V hypersensitivity. In Type V hypersensitivity, antibodies target cell surface receptors, leading to abnormal stimulation or blockage. In Grave's disease, antibodies target the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, leading to excessive thyroid hormone production. Multiple sclerosis (A) is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity involving T cell-mediated response. Rheumatoid arthritis (C) is an example of Type III hypersensitivity involving immune complex deposition. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (D) is an example of Type II hypersensitivity involving antibody-mediated destruction of cells.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing an immune response involving B and T cells. Which type of immunity is the patient demonstrating?
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Acquired immunity
- D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral immunity. Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies to target pathogens. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens. This type of immunity is specific to antigens and is a key component of the adaptive immune response. Passive immunity (A) is when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, not involving B and T cells directly. Acquired immunity (C) is a broad term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity (D) involves T cells directly targeting infected cells, not B cells producing antibodies.
The nurse is caring for a patient who works as a legal secretary. The patient asks the nurse about ways to avoid developing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Which action should the nurse suggest?
- A. "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly."
- B. "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages."
- C. "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing."
- D. "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing." This is the best option as wrist supports can help maintain neutral wrist positioning, reducing strain on the median nerve and decreasing the risk of developing CTS.
A: "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly." - This can actually worsen the symptoms of CTS by putting more strain on the wrists.
B: "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages." - Elastic bandages do not provide the necessary support and may restrict blood flow.
D: "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening." - While warm compresses can provide temporary relief for symptoms, they do not address the underlying cause of CTS.
You have suffered a needle stick injury after giving a patient an IM injection,but you have no information about the patient’s HIV status. What is the most appropriate method for obtaining this information about the patient?
- A. You should ask the patient to authorize HIV testing as soon as possible.
- B. The nurse manager for the unit is responsible for obtaining the information.
- C. The occupational health nurse should discuss HIV status with the patient.
- D. HIV testing should be done the next time blood is drawn for other tests.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The occupational health nurse is trained to handle situations involving potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They can appropriately discuss the need for HIV testing with the patient and ensure that the process is handled confidentially and professionally. The nurse manager and the injured nurse should not directly approach the patient about this sensitive issue.
What describes the occurrence of a type IV or delayed hypersensitivity transplant reaction?
- A. Antigen links with specific IgE antibodies bound to mast cells or basophils releasing chemical mediators
- B. Cellular lysis or phagocytosis through complement activation following antigen-antibody binding on cell surfaces
- C. Sensitized T lymphocytes attack antigens or release cytokines that attract macrophages that cause tissue damage
- D. Antigens combined with IgG and IgM too small to be removed by mononuclear phagocytic system deposit in tissue and cause fixation of complement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type IV hypersensitivity involves sensitized T lymphocytes attacking antigens or releasing cytokines that recruit macrophages, causing tissue damage.
Which of the following statements concerned with multiple sclerosis (MS) is correct?
- A. Genetic factors seem to play a role in predisposition to develop MS
- B. Predisposition to develop MS does not seem to have an environmental component
- C. MS is more common in Central and South America than in North America
- D. The disease seems to be mediated primarily by autoantibodies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Option A is correct because genetic factors have been identified as playing a role in predisposition to develop MS. Studies have shown a higher risk among individuals with family history. Option B is incorrect because environmental factors, such as vitamin D levels and viral infections, are known to influence MS development. Option C is incorrect as MS is more prevalent in North America and Europe. Option D is incorrect because MS is primarily mediated by T-cell responses, not autoantibodies.