Nokea
Enlargement of the thyroid gland:
- A. is called a goiter.
- B. causes Addisonian crisis.
- C. makes a person appear cushingoid.
- D. causes hypocalcemic tetany.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Enlargement of the thyroid gland is known as a goiter.
2. A goiter can result from various conditions like iodine deficiency or thyroid disorders.
3. It is a common sign of thyroid dysfunction.
4. Goiter may or may not cause symptoms depending on the underlying cause.
5. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice B (Addisonian crisis) is incorrect as it is associated with adrenal insufficiency, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice C (cushingoid appearance) is incorrect as it is related to excess cortisol production, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice D (hypocalcemic tetany) is incorrect as it is due to low calcium levels, not thyroid enlargement.
You may also like to solve these questions
Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________.
- A. damage to the pineal gland
- B. after neurosurgery
- C. after general anesthesia
- D. ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: damage to the pineal gland. The pineal gland does not regulate ADH secretion; it primarily produces melatonin. Neurosurgery and general anesthesia may disrupt the feedback mechanisms controlling ADH release. Ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer can lead to excessive ADH production. The key is to identify a situation where ADH hypersecretion is less likely to occur due to the gland's function.
Concerning Alpha blockers, which of the following is CORRECT:
- A. Phentolamine is a selective Alpha1 blocker
- B. Alpha2 blockers decrease noradrenaline release
- C. Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only
- D. They decrease both BP and HR
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Prazosin can block Alpha1 receptor only.
- Prazosin is a selective Alpha1 blocker, mainly used for hypertension.
- By blocking Alpha1 receptors, it reduces vasoconstriction and lowers blood pressure.
- Prazosin does not affect Alpha2 receptors, distinguishing it from non-selective Alpha blockers.
- Correct as it accurately describes Prazosin's mechanism of action.
Incorrect:
A: Phentolamine is a non-selective Alpha blocker, affecting both Alpha1 and Alpha2 receptors.
B: Alpha2 blockers increase noradrenaline release by inhibiting the negative feedback control.
D: Alpha blockers typically decrease blood pressure, but can increase heart rate due to vasodilation.
Which is not Na+ dependent for absorption?
- A. thiamin
- B. riboflavin
- C. niacin
- D. folate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Folate absorption is not Na+ dependent because it is absorbed in the small intestine through a carrier-mediated process independent of sodium. Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin require sodium-dependent transport mechanisms for absorption in the small intestine. Thiamin is absorbed through thiamin transporters that are Na+ dependent. Riboflavin is absorbed by sodium-dependent multivitamin transporters. Niacin absorption also involves sodium-dependent transporters. Therefore, folate is the only option that is not Na+ dependent for absorption.
Identify the growth factor that is released by cancer cells to create a capillary network that aids the cancer growth.
- A. macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- B. platelet derived growth factor
- C. tumor angiogenesis factor
- D. epidermal growth factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression.
A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis.
B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer.
D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.
Which of the pairs of hormones BOTH increase blood sugar?
- A. insulin and glucagon
- B. growth hormone and insulin
- C. glucagon and epinephrine
- D. antidiuretic hormone and glucagon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, glucagon and epinephrine. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, has a similar effect by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Insulin (choice A) decreases blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake into cells. Growth hormone (choice B) mainly affects growth and metabolism but doesn't directly increase blood sugar. Antidiuretic hormone (choice D) regulates water balance and has no direct effect on blood sugar levels.