Nokea
Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone:
- A. are feminizing hormones.
- B. induce virilization.
- C. are secreted by the gonads.
- D. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secreted by the gonads. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics. Choices A and B are incorrect because testosterone induces virilization (masculinizing effects) while estrogen and progesterone are more associated with feminizing effects. Choice D is incorrect because estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are not secreted by the adenohypophysis, which mainly produces and releases other hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin.
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Which of the following is NOT true of glucagon?
- A. produced by the pancreas
- B. increases blood glucose levels
- C. promotes the use of fat and protein instead of glucose
- D. stimulates the liver to store glucose as glycogen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucagon actually stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, not store glucose as glycogen. Glucagon helps increase blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, and it also promotes the use of fat and protein for energy when glucose levels are low. Choices A, B, and C are all true statements about glucagon, making them incorrect options in this context.
A nurse is caring for a patient who has excessive catecholamine release. Which assessment finding would the nurse correlate with this condition?
- A. Decreased blood pressure
- B. Increased pulse
- C. Decreased respiratory rate
- D. Increased urine output
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased pulse. Excessive catecholamine release, such as in a stress response, leads to sympathetic nervous system activation causing an increase in heart rate (pulse). This physiological response is known as the "fight or flight" response. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as catecholamine release typically leads to increased blood pressure, increased respiratory rate, and decreased urine output due to vasoconstriction, increased oxygen demand, and fluid retention respectively.
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
- A. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone
- B. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
- C. second-messenger systems
- D. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cellʹs DNA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroids act by binding to intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly interacts with the cell's DNA to regulate gene expression. This leads to changes in protein synthesis and cell function.
A: Extracellular receptors do not have specificity for a single amino acid sequence on the hormone. Steroids act intracellularly.
B: Formation of cyclic AMP is associated with G-protein coupled receptors, not steroid receptors.
C: Second-messenger systems are typically involved in signaling cascades triggered by extracellular ligands, not steroids.
Which stimulates parietal cell secretion?
- A. prostaglandins
- B. aspirin
- C. vinegar
- D. acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine directly stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid. It binds to muscarinic receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in acid production. Prostaglandins (A) inhibit acid secretion, aspirin (B) can cause gastric irritation and ulcers, and vinegar (C) does not directly stimulate parietal cells.
Which one of the following is an appropriate nursing intervention for preparing a client for a CT scan?
- A. Consult the physician for the special preparation
- B. Provide general explanation to the client
- C. Inform client to temporarily eliminate salt from the diet
- D. Instruct the client to fast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Providing a general explanation to the client about the CT scan ensures they understand the procedure and prepares them psychologically for the test.