Nokea
Estrogens and progesterone are produced by:
- A. the testes.
- B. the ovaries.
- C. the adrenal glands.
- D. the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Estrogens and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females. The ovaries are the main reproductive organs responsible for the production of these hormones, essential for menstrual cycle regulation and pregnancy support. The correct answer is B because the ovaries are the key glands that synthesize and release estrogen and progesterone. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the testes primarily produce testosterone, the adrenal glands produce cortisol and adrenaline, and the hypothalamus is a brain region involved in hormone regulation, not hormone production.
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland:
- A. is called a goiter.
- B. causes Addisonian crisis.
- C. makes a person appear cushingoid.
- D. causes hypocalcemic tetany.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Enlargement of the thyroid gland is known as a goiter.
2. A goiter can result from various conditions like iodine deficiency or thyroid disorders.
3. It is a common sign of thyroid dysfunction.
4. Goiter may or may not cause symptoms depending on the underlying cause.
5. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice B (Addisonian crisis) is incorrect as it is associated with adrenal insufficiency, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice C (cushingoid appearance) is incorrect as it is related to excess cortisol production, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice D (hypocalcemic tetany) is incorrect as it is due to low calcium levels, not thyroid enlargement.
A patient with Alzheimer's disease is taking an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor specifically approved for that indication, primarily because it is quite lipophilic and so enters the CNS well. Which of the following drugs is the patient most likely receiving?
- A. Donepezil
- B. Edrophonium
- C. Neostigmine
- D. Pyridostigmine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Donepezil. Donepezil is a lipophilic acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for Alzheimer's disease due to its ability to enter the CNS effectively. It enhances cholinergic transmission by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine breakdown. Edrophonium is a short-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for diagnostic purposes, not for Alzheimer's treatment. Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine are not lipophilic and are primarily used for myasthenia gravis to enhance muscle strength, not for Alzheimer's disease.
Secretion of oxytocin is increased by
- A. milk ejection
- B. dilation of the cervix
- C. increased prolactin levels
- D. increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Certainly! The secretion of oxytocin is increased by the dilation of the cervix. When the cervix dilates during childbirth, it triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland. This hormone plays a crucial role in stimulating uterine contractions during labor and delivery. Milk ejection (choice A) is primarily regulated by oxytocin but does not directly increase its secretion. Increased prolactin levels (choice C) stimulate milk production, not oxytocin secretion. Increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume (choice D) is not directly related to oxytocin secretion.
Which of the following is descriptive of prolactin?
- A. Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
- B. Also called lactogenic hormone.
- C. Causes the milk let-down reflex.
- D. Stimulates the neurohypophysis to synthesize oxytocin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Prolactin is also called lactogenic hormone, as it promotes milk production in the mammary glands.
2. Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the posterior pituitary gland.
3. Milk let-down reflex is primarily controlled by oxytocin, not prolactin.
4. Prolactin does not stimulate the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) to synthesize oxytocin.
Summary:
Choice B is correct because it accurately describes the function of prolactin in promoting lactation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect due to inaccuracies in the functions and secretion of prolactin.
Which of the pairs of hormones BOTH increase blood sugar?
- A. insulin and glucagon
- B. growth hormone and insulin
- C. glucagon and epinephrine
- D. antidiuretic hormone and glucagon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, glucagon and epinephrine. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, has a similar effect by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Insulin (choice A) decreases blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake into cells. Growth hormone (choice B) mainly affects growth and metabolism but doesn't directly increase blood sugar. Antidiuretic hormone (choice D) regulates water balance and has no direct effect on blood sugar levels.