Nokea
Factors important in the eradication of smallpox include
- A. Smallpox is a human pathogen; it is not found in animals.
- B. The vaccine was easily delivered and did not require sophisticated materials or technical skills
- C. The disease is contagious only when the symptoms are manifest making isolation an effective measure
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the factors mentioned are important in the eradication of smallpox. A is correct because smallpox is specific to humans, simplifying eradication efforts. B is correct as the vaccine was easily deployable. C is correct as isolation of symptomatic individuals helped control the spread. Therefore, all choices are important in the successful eradication of smallpox.
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Following class of restriction endonucleases is commercially available and used in recombinant DNA technology:
- A. Class 1
- B. Class 2
- C. Class 3
- D. Class 5
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Class 2. Class 2 restriction endonucleases are commonly used in recombinant DNA technology due to their specificity for recognizing short DNA sequences and cleaving within or near these sequences. They are commercially available, easy to use, and have well-defined recognition sites, making them ideal for molecular cloning applications.
Choice A (Class 1) is incorrect because Class 1 enzymes require both ATP and S-adenosyl methionine for activity, making them less practical for routine laboratory use.
Choice C (Class 3) is incorrect because Class 3 enzymes cleave DNA at two sites, potentially leading to unwanted DNA fragmentation in recombinant DNA technology.
Choice D (Class 5) is incorrect because Class 5 restriction enzymes do not exist in the classification system of restriction endonucleases.
A patient has come to the ambulatory care clinic with a sprain. The nurse correctly differentiates a grade 2 sprain from a grade 3 sprain with the assessment of which finding?
- A. Pain
- B. Swelling
- C. Bleeding into the joint
- D. Minor loss of function
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Minor loss of function. A grade 2 sprain involves partial tearing of the ligament, leading to moderate pain, swelling, and a significant loss of function. In contrast, a grade 3 sprain involves complete tearing of the ligament, resulting in severe pain, significant swelling, and major loss of function. By assessing for minor loss of function, the nurse can differentiate between the two grades of sprains. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not specifically differentiate between a grade 2 and grade 3 sprain based on the level of functional impairment.
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
- A. Spleen
- B. Thymus
- C. Lymph node
- D. Mucosal immune system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thymus. The thymus is considered a primary lymphoid organ because it is where T lymphocytes (T cells) mature and differentiate. T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. The thymus is responsible for educating T cells to recognize self versus non-self antigens.
Summary:
A: Spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ involved in filtering blood and producing antibodies, not where T cells mature.
C: Lymph node is also a secondary lymphoid organ where immune cells interact but not where T cells mature.
D: Mucosal immune system refers to the immune system in mucosal tissues, not a specific primary lymphoid organ.
In which of the following locations can IgA be found?
- A. In the intestinal lumen
- B. In the lamina propria
- C. In vesicles of enterocytes
- D. In all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgA can be found in the intestinal lumen, lamina propria, and vesicles of enterocytes. IgA is produced by plasma cells in the lamina propria and transported across the epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen where it provides mucosal immunity. It can also be found in vesicles of enterocytes before secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is D as IgA is present in all of the mentioned locations. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually as they only represent specific locations where IgA can be found, not all the locations where IgA is present in the gastrointestinal tract.
Which group(s) of microorganisms is (are) thought to be the oldest living organisms?
- A. eukaryotes
- B. heterotrophic prokaryotes
- C. Archaea
- D. viruses
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Archaea. Archaea are thought to be the oldest living organisms due to their unique characteristics and genetic similarities to the earliest forms of life. They are known for thriving in extreme environments, resembling conditions on early Earth. Other choices are incorrect because eukaryotes are more complex and evolved later, heterotrophic prokaryotes came after autotrophic prokaryotes, and viruses are not considered living organisms.