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The patient has received a bone marrow transplant. Soon after the transplant there is a rash on the patient’s skin. She says her skin is itchy and she has severe abdominal pain. What best summarizes what is happening to the patient and how she will be treated?
- A. Graft rejection occurring; treat with different immunosuppressive agents
- B. Dry skin and nausea are side effects of immunosuppresants; decrease the dose
- C. Transplanted bone marrow is rejecting her tissue; prevent with immunosuppressive agents
- D. Dry skin from the dry air and nausea from the food in the hospital; treat with humidifier and home food
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient is likely experiencing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where transplanted cells attack the host tissue. This is treated with immunosuppressive agents.
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The major immunoglobulin family to which a particular immunoglobulin belongs can be determined by sequential analysis of the 110 amino acids beginning from the
- A. Amino terminus of the light chain.
- B. Carboxy terminus of the light chain.
- C. Amino terminus of the heavy chain.
- D. Carboxy terminus of the heavy chain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amino terminus of the heavy chain. This is because the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulins is determined by the heavy chain, making it crucial for identifying the immunoglobulin family. The heavy chain contains the variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) regions essential for classifying immunoglobulins. Analyzing the amino terminus of the heavy chain allows for the identification of these regions, which are unique to each immunoglobulin class. The other choices are incorrect because the light chain does not contain the necessary regions for determining the immunoglobulin family, making the amino terminus of the heavy chain the key starting point for analysis.
A patient prescribed corticosteroids for arthritis is surprised to learn of an immune disorder. What should the nurse explain as the reason for the patient not demonstrating typical signs of immune dysfunction?
- A. The arthritis is masking the normal immune response.
- B. The corticosteroids are causing the thymus gland to malfunction.
- C. The arthritis is interfering with the function of immunoglobulins.
- D. Corticosteroids are impacting normal immune response functioning.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids are known to suppress the immune system by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and preventing the activation of immune cells. This suppression can lead to a decreased immune response, making it less likely for the patient to exhibit typical signs of immune dysfunction.
A: The arthritis masking the immune response is not a plausible explanation as arthritis does not directly affect immune function.
B: Corticosteroids do not cause the thymus gland to malfunction; they mainly impact immune response at the cellular level.
C: Arthritis affecting immunoglobulin function is not a common mechanism of immune dysfunction in this context.
Which definition is the best description of the term genotype?
- A. Basic unit of heredity; arranged on chromosome
- B. Transmission of a disease from parent to child
- C. Genetic identity of an individual not seen as outward characteristics
- D. Family tree containing genetic characteristics and disorders of that family
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, which may or may not be visible through phenotypic traits.
What is a characteristic feature of Goodpasture's syndrome?
- A. Granuloma formation
- B. Pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis
- C. Contact dermatitis
- D. Bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. Goodpasture's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, leading to damage in the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) and lungs (pulmonary hemorrhage). Granuloma formation (A), contact dermatitis (C), and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation (D) are not characteristic features of Goodpasture's syndrome. Granulomas are more commonly seen in conditions like sarcoidosis, contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition, and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation are features of allergic reactions or asthma, not typically seen in Goodpasture's syndrome.
Which of the following best describes the immune system's role in tissue regeneration?
- A. Preventing pathogen invasion
- B. Promoting wound healing and cell debris elimination
- C. Increasing cytokine production
- D. Suppressing adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the immune system plays a crucial role in promoting wound healing and eliminating cell debris. When tissue is damaged, the immune response helps remove dead cells and debris, initiates the healing process, and supports tissue regeneration. This involves the recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury, releasing growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation, and resolving inflammation.
Choice A (Preventing pathogen invasion) is incorrect because while the immune system does play a role in preventing pathogen invasion, this is not directly related to tissue regeneration.
Choice C (Increasing cytokine production) is incorrect because although cytokines are involved in the immune response and can influence tissue repair, simply increasing cytokine production does not fully describe the immune system's role in tissue regeneration.
Choice D (Suppressing adaptive immunity) is incorrect because suppressing adaptive immunity would hinder rather than promote tissue regeneration, as adaptive immunity plays a role in immune memory and long-term protection against pathogens.