Nokea
Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in .
- A. kidney failure
- B. tetany
- C. gigantism
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess GH production can lead to acromegaly, a condition characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because GH continues to stimulate bone and tissue growth. Kidney failure (A) is not directly related to excess GH production. Tetany (B) is caused by low calcium levels, not excess GH. Gigantism (C) occurs when excess GH is produced during the growth years, leading to abnormal height, not after growth is completed. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the scenario provided.
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Which of These is a Male Sex Hormone?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Androgens
- C. Pheromones
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones responsible for male characteristics like facial hair growth and deepening of voice. Aldosterone (A) is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not a sex hormone. Pheromones (C) are chemical signals, not hormones. Insulin (D) is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, not related to sex characteristics. Therefore, B is the correct choice for a male sex hormone.
Which is NOT a high energy compound?
- A. CoA
- B. GGP
- C. ITP
- D. creatine phosphate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B (GGP)
Rationale:
1. CoA, ITP, and creatine phosphate are high-energy compounds involved in various metabolic processes.
2. GGP (guanosine-5'-triphosphate) is primarily a signaling molecule, not a high-energy compound.
3. CoA is involved in acetyl group transfer, ITP in energy transfer, and creatine phosphate in ATP regeneration.
4. GGP is a nucleotide involved in signaling pathways but does not directly participate in energy transfer reactions.
Summary:
- CoA, ITP, and creatine phosphate are high-energy compounds involved in energy transfer.
- GGP is a signaling molecule and not classified as a high-energy compound.
Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?
- A. Second chemical messenger
- B. Catecholamine that contributes to the fight-or-flight response
- C. Steroid
- D. Releasing hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Second chemical messenger. cAMP is a second messenger in cellular signaling pathways, relaying signals from extracellular molecules to intracellular targets. It is not a catecholamine (B), steroid (C), or releasing hormone (D). Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters, steroids are lipids with different functions, and releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of other hormones. Thus, the most descriptive term for cAMP is a second chemical messenger.
Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________.
- A. damage to the pineal gland
- B. after neurosurgery
- C. after general anesthesia
- D. ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: damage to the pineal gland. The pineal gland does not regulate ADH secretion; it primarily produces melatonin. Neurosurgery and general anesthesia may disrupt the feedback mechanisms controlling ADH release. Ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer can lead to excessive ADH production. The key is to identify a situation where ADH hypersecretion is less likely to occur due to the gland's function.
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
- A. the heart
- B. the kidney
- C. the skin
- D. the spleen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: the heart. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is synthesized and released by the atrial cells of the heart in response to stretching of the atrial wall due to increased blood volume or pressure. ANP functions to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting natriuresis and vasodilation. The kidney (choice B) is responsible for filtering blood and regulating electrolyte balance, but it does not synthesize ANP. The skin (choice C) is involved in thermoregulation and vitamin D synthesis, not ANP production. The spleen (choice D) plays a role in immune function and blood storage, but it does not synthesize ANP.