Nokea
For the child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which medication may be given to keep the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) open until surgery can be done?
- A. Prostaglandin E
- B. Indomethicin
- C. Ibuprofen
- D. Digoxin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prostaglandin E is used to keep the PDA open in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, allowing for adequate blood flow until surgical intervention can be performed.
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD):
- A. Affects dystrophin gene
- B. Features usually present before five years of age
- C. Frontal baldness occurs
- D. Is part of the differential diagnosis in a floppy infant
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Features usually present before five years of age
Commonly used anti-epileptic drugs in children include:
- A. Sodium valproate
- B. Lamotrigine
- C. Topiramate
- D. Phenytoin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because sodium valproate is a commonly used anti-epileptic drug in children. The other options (b-e) are also used but are not the most common first-line treatment.
Which food is most important for the nurse to encourage a male client with osteomalacia to include in his daily diet?
- A. Fortified milk and cereals
- B. Lean red meat and poultry
- C. Fresh fruits and vegetables
- D. Whole grains and legumes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Fortified foods rich in vitamin D and calcium are crucial for the client with osteomalacia to help in bone mineralization.
Xanthomas within palmar creases are seen characteristically in
- A. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
- B. Type II hyperlipoproteinemia
- C. Type IIl hyperlipoproteinemia
- D. Hypothyroidism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Xanthomas within palmar creases are characteristic of Type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
Regarding cafe-au-lait spots:
- A. They can be normal findings
- B. They are found in tuberous sclerosis
- C. When present in a child, > 4 spots each > 0.5 cm, is diagnostic of neurofibromatosis type II
- D. Typical appearance in neurofibromatosis is of a smooth border
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cafe-au-lait spots can be a normal variant and do not always indicate an underlying pathology.