Nokea
How is leprosy primarily transmitted from person to person?
- A. contaminated toilet seats
- B. shaking hands
- C. blowing nose
- D. sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: blowing nose. Leprosy is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This is because the bacteria that cause leprosy are mainly spread through respiratory secretions. The other choices (A: contaminated toilet seats, B: shaking hands, D: sexual intercourse) are not common modes of transmission for leprosy. Toilet seats do not play a significant role in transmission, shaking hands is unlikely to transmit the bacteria, and leprosy is not a sexually transmitted disease. Overall, the correct answer aligns with the known mode of transmission of leprosy through respiratory droplets.
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The action potential pattern that appears on the oscilloscope screen is caused by rapid ________.
- A. polarity changes
- B. pH changes
- C. breakdown of the membrane structure
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The action potential pattern observed on an oscilloscope is caused by rapid changes in membrane polarity. During an action potential, the membrane potential depolarizes (becomes more positive) as sodium ions rush into the neuron, followed by repolarization (returning to negative) as potassium ions exit. These polarity changes are essential for the propagation of nerve impulses and are a hallmark of neural activity.
Which treatment modality should a nurse recommend to help a patient diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder cope more effectively?
- A. Flooding
- B. Relaxation
- C. Response prevention
- D. Systematic desensitization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Relaxation. For a patient with somatic symptom disorder, relaxation techniques can help reduce anxiety and physical symptoms associated with the disorder. Relaxation promotes a sense of calm, reduces stress, and can improve coping skills. Flooding (A) involves exposing a patient to a feared stimulus in a sudden and intense manner, which can exacerbate symptoms in somatic symptom disorder. Response prevention (C) is used in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder, not somatic symptom disorder. Systematic desensitization (D) is a technique used for phobias, not somatic symptom disorder.
What should the nurse teach the patient recovering from an episode of acute low back pain?
- A. Perform daily exercise as a lifelong routine.
- B. Sit in a chair with the hips higher than the knees.
- C. Avoid occupations in which the use of the body is required.
- D. Sleep on the abdomen or on the back with the legs extended.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regular exercise strengthens the back muscles.
Which assessment finding best supports the diagnosis of dissociative amnesia with fugue? The patient states:
- A. I cannot recall why I'm living in this town.
- B. I feel as if I'm living in a fuzzy dream state.
- C. I feel like different parts of my body are at war.
- D. I feel very anxious and worried about my problems.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the key feature of dissociative amnesia with fugue is the inability to remember important personal information. In this case, the patient cannot recall why they are living in the current town, indicating a significant gap in memory. Choice B describes a feeling of disorientation, not memory loss. Choice C suggests dissociative identity disorder, not dissociative amnesia. Choice D focuses on anxiety, which is not a primary symptom of dissociative amnesia with fugue.
In the 2000 film 'Memento' the lead character, Leonard is unable to form new memories as a result of an earlier head injury caused by an assailant. This is known as:
- A. Retrograde memory dysfunction
- B. Postevent memory dysfunction
- C. Anterograde memory dysfunction
- D. Antenatal memory dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anterograde memory dysfunction is characterized by the inability to form new memories after a traumatic event or injury, as depicted in the film 'Memento.' This condition is often linked to damage in the hippocampus or surrounding medial temporal lobe structures, which are essential for encoding and storing new information. Individuals with this dysfunction can recall past memories but struggle to create new ones, leading to significant challenges in daily functioning.